National Infrastructure Protection Plan and Risk...

National Infrastructure Protection Plan and Risk Management Framework D’Juan L. Sanders Professor Rachelle Howard SEC 310 February 1, 2013 Protecting the Nations Critical Infrastructure The National Infrastructure Protection Plan’s risk management framework is a process structured to protect the Nation’s CIKR, DHS, and SSA’s assets, systems, networks, and functions by minimizing potential risks that may compromise integrity of these very important sectors. According to free dictionary.com (2013), a risk is any possibility of incurring misfortune or loss; hazard. The framework of this risk management process consists of following a number of steps, in a strategic order, to best assure optimal security and protection. Though†¦show more content†¦* identify assets and identify which are most critical * identify, characterize, and assess threats * assess the vulnerability of critical assets to specific threats * determine the risk (i.e. the expected consequences of specific types of attacks on specific assets) * identify ways to reduce those risks * prioritize risk reduction measures based on a strategy These risk management goals allow for personnel to point out the most critical assets by identifying them. Risk management gives personnel the opportunity to understand where their strengths and weaknesses are with vulnerability and the potential impact of consequence that exposure poses. Last but not least, risk management aids in forming a strategy to maintain vulnerability at minimal levels. Identifying Assets, Systems, and Networks Identifying assets, systems, and networks must be the most important within in the RM framework because if you don’t know what to protect, how can you protect it? Assets left unprotected can be very detrimental because it can increase national vulnerability to a terrorist attack, natural disaster, or changes in technology. Therefore it is very important to protect any asset that needs protecting or containing anything essential to our nation’s security. Without thisShow MoreRelatedAn Earthquake Scenario And How It Affects The Energy Sector1254 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s dynamic threats to American assets and infrastructure require the capability of security entities, at all levels, to communicate and integrate effectively. Critical Infrastructure (CI) is a key area that must be protected. This paper will focus on the energy sector and analyze: specific goals and objectives; an assessment of and analysis of risks; sector specific implementations of risk managem ent; and measure the effectiveness of the current procedures in place. This paper will focus onRead MoreManaging A Strong Risk Management Program Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesestablish a strong risk management program. It can be difficult to conceptualize risk management as a program and a framework. It is first important to identify the critical infrastructure and key resources that require risk reduction and the mitigation of consequences. In this essay we will examine how risk management is used by the homeland security enterprise, and how that use benefits such aspects as resource allocation, strategic planning, and grant writing. Critical infrastructure is defined inRead MoreInformation Security In Zanziabar Public Sector1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthe case study â€Å"state of Information Security in Zanzibar’s public sector† (Shaaban, et al., 2012). 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Homeland Security The establishment of the Department of Homeland security is, undoubtedly, a result of the lessons learned and identification of the need to protectRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Supplies A National Protection Plan1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Department of Homeland Security supplies a national protection plan concerning critical infrastructure security. This plan targets a wide audience, including public and private critical infrastructure owners and administrators. Managing risks through identifying, deterring, and disrupting threats to critical infrastructure is the direct focus of this plan. The ability of an organization to reduce the impact of a threat that has occurred and reducing the impact of one that may occur is essentialRead MoreThe Cyber Security Framework959 Words   |  4 PagesProper framework The path forward to secure transportation systems from cyber attacks will require broad-based commitments to improve cybersecurity awareness and the use of best security practices by individuals, industries and government agencies. Sector partners should work together to refine assessments of the cyber threats and vulnerabilities, and to assure timely sharing of cyber-threat information with owners and operators. The partners should continue to implement the Transportation SystemsRead MoreRisk Management Within Homeland Security Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Risk Management within Homeland Security Risk management is applied in numerous ways by various agencies and organizations within the U.S. national security apparatus. One manner in which risk management is utilized by the Department of Defense is to mitigate vulnerabilities to personnel during military operations. Whether or not to recruit and deploy a double-agent is a primary focus of risk management within the CIA’s Counterespionage Group. Moreover, evaluatingRead MoreCritical Infrastructure Protection1140 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Critical Infrastructure Protection Introduction The importance of protecting the U.S. national infrastructure cannot be overstated. The protection of critical infrastructure is †¦essential to the nations security, public health and safety, economic vitality, and way of life, according to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). This paper delves into the mission and responsibilities of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and references other sources related to infrastructure securityRead MoreCyber Security Framework1175 Words   |  5 PagesCybersecurity Framework SEO: Critical infrastructure, enterprise network security What is the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, and how does it help strengthen your security processes? The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a number of guidelines and best practices for cybersecurity concerns across industries; one of their most well-known guides is their Cybersecurity Framework, originally created in February 2014, with a major revision underway as of January 2017. 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Why Has Ipo Underpricing Changed over Time - 13588 Words

Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed Over Time? Tim Loughran and Jay Ritter* lu the l9SOs. the average first-day rcliirn on inilial public offerings (IPOs) was 7%, The average firsl-day return doubled to almost I5 i during 1990-1998. before jumping to 65% during Ihe internet bubble years of 1999-2000 and then reverting la / i % during 2001-2003. We attribute much of the higher underpricing during the bubble period to a changing issuer objective function. We argue that in the later periods there wav less focus on maximizing IPO proceeds due to an increased emphasis on research coverage. Furthermore, allocations of hot IPOs to the personal brokerage accounts oj issuing firm executives created an incentive to seek rather than avoid†¦show more content†¦(Money on the table is the change between the offer price and the first closing market price, multiplied by the number of shares sold.) The hypothesized reasons for the increased acquiescence are reduced chief executive officer (CEO) ownership, fewer IPOs containing secondar y shares, increased ownership fragmentation, and an increased frequeney and size of friends and family share allocations. These changes made issuing firm decision-makers less motivated to bargain for a higher offer price. The realignment of incentives hypothesis is similar to the changing risk composition hypothesis in that it is changes in the characteristics of ownership, rather than any nonstationarities in the pricing relations, that are associated with changes in average underpricing. It differs from the changing risk composition hypothesis, however, in that underpricing is not determined solely by the investor demand side of the market. In our empirical work, we find little support for the realignment of ineentives hypothesis as an explanation for substantial changes in underpricing. We find no relation between the inclusion of secondary shares in an IPO and underpricing. And although CEO fractional ownership was lower during the internet bubble period, the CEO dollar ownershi p (the market value of the CEO s holdings) was substantially higher, resulting in increased incentives to avoid underpricing. Furthermore, it is possible that changes inShow MoreRelatedThe First Life Cycle Theory1206 Words   |  5 Pagessuggested that take-over targets are easier for potential buyers to spot when they are public. Furthermore it is easier for potential buyers to pressure the targets for concessions on price than it is to pressure external investors. Thus in theory an IPO facilitates the acquisition of their company at a higher price than an outright sale. However, although the potential price may be higher with an IPO, IPOs are also often costly to perform with their fees, listing requirements and underpricing. Secondly asRead MoreChina s Stock Market And Its Abnormal Characteristics3750 Words   |  15 Pagesmarket has witnessed rapid growth from a global perspective over last decades, along with massive IPO activities emerged with a huge amount of fund raised. T he reasons why the Chinese initial public offering (IPO) market and its abnormal characteristics have drawn more interests from investors can be attributed to multiple aspects. First, one of the most significant puzzles of IPO – underpricing – is at an unimaginably high level in Chinese IPO market. Although the degree of underpricing varies enormouslyRead MoreThe Process of an Initial Public Offering (Ipo). the Underpricing Problem.3310 Words   |  14 Pages1. Introduction All companies need to raise capital at one time or another, first of all to start-up their business, and then to finance new projects and expand operations. Most of them start out by raising money from private sources, with no liquid market existing if the investors wish to sell their stock. A lot of new ventures rely initially on these internal funds, which come mostly from relatives and friends; some other firms, instead, receive help from the so-called â€Å"angel investors†. FurthermoreRead MoreBehavioral Finance3882 Words   |  16 Pagesmaximization with rational investors in efficient markets. The two building blocks of behavioral finance are cognitive psychology (how people think) and the limits to arbitrage (when markets will be inefficient). The growth of behavioral finance research has been fueled by the inability of the traditional framework to explain many empirical patterns, including stock market bubbles in Japan, Taiwan, and the U.S. JEL classification: G14; D81 Keywords: Behavioral finance; arbitrage; psychology; marketRead MoreQuant Job Interview Questions And Answers.pdf9483 Words   |  38 PagesWorking Paper: An Empirical Investigation of Initial Public Offering (IPO) Performance Zachary A. Smith, Ph.D. An Empirical Analysis of Initial Public Offering (IPO) Performance Zachary A. Smith, Ph.D. 507 Winchester Road Jacksonville, NC 28546 (757) 553-1692 zacharyasmith@gmail.com Working Paper: An Empirical Investigation of Initial Public Offering (IPO) Performance Zachary A. Smith, Ph.D. Abstract: For decades, researchers have disagreed about the magnitude and predictabilityRead Morepast paper1497 Words   |  6 PagesTHE UNIVERSITY OF HULL The Business School HKU SPACE Level 6 Examination 1 August 2010 Current Issues in Finance Date : 1 August 2010 Time Allowed : 2 hours Answer THREE questions – At least ONE question from each section. Standard calculators (non-programmable) may be used. Tables are attached. Do not open or turn over this exam paper, or start to write anything until told to by the Invigilator. Starting to write before permitted to do so may be seen as an attempt toRead MoreMaster Thesis Topic18078 Words   |  73 PagesMaster Thesis Topics Finance amp; Investments 2009-2010 Table of Contents Master Thesis topic 1: The Design of Lockup Contracts in IPO Firms in Europe 4 Master Thesis topic 2: Bank Risk Management 6 Master Thesis topic 3: The Ambiguous Role of Credit Ratings 8 Master Thesis topic 4: Mergers and Acquisitions 9 Master Thesis topic 5: Trading Volume and Asset Prices 10 Master Thesis topic 6: Liquidity in Asset Markets 11 Master Thesis topic 7: The Role of Corporate Governance in Mergers andRead MoreSolutions: Income Statement and Pearson Education121412 Words   |  486 PagesChapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 The Corporation Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Arbitrage and Financial Decision Making The Time Value of Money Interest Rates Investment Decision Rules Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting Valuing Bonds Valuing Stocks Capital Markets and the Pricing of Risk Optimal Portfolio Choice and the Capital Asset Pricing Model Estimating the Cost of CapitalRead MoreDebt vs. Equity and Asymmetric Information: a Review16933 Words   |  68 Pagesissues related to the adverse investment selection problem of Myers-Majluf. Finally, we discuss the timing hypothesis of capital structure. Empirical studies do not consistently support one theory of capital structure under information asymmetry over the others. Thus, the review suggests that additional theoretical contributions are needed to help understand and explain findings in the empirical literature. Keywords: capital structure, asymmetric information, pecking order hypothesis, timingRead MoreBodie, Kane, Marcus Study Guide Essay40928 Words   |  164 Pagessacrifice. One gives up some current consumption to be able to consumer more in the future (or to be able to consumer at all in the future if the goal is simply capital preservation.) Financial assets provide a ready vehicle to transfer consumption through time. They may be more appropriate investments than real assets for many investors. The distinctions between real and financial assets (see below) can be used to discuss key differences in their nature and in their appropriateness as investment vehicles

E-Business Applications for Amazon Company †Get a Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about theE-Business Applications for Amazon Company. Answer: Introduction The internet development has led to a dynamic change in different business industries and the shopping habit of customers across the globe. Traditionally, consumers bought products through physical stores such as retail stores and supermarkets. However, advancement in technology has resulted in the emergence of e-business which involves the purchase of goods and services through the internet. The online business is continually positioning itself as the most successful business strategy. The e-mails success and effectiveness mainly depend on the presence of an efficient marketing strategy, strategic supply chain management and high level of network security. Amazon Company is an example of e-commerce companies that has utilized technology to penetrate in the world markets; therefore, this paper seeks to focus on e-commerce strategies of Amazon Company. Overview of Amazon Company Amazon is one of the leading American multinational e-retail companies that provide various types of products. This giant online retail store is based in Seattle, Washington, United States of America. The enterprise has originally established a bookstore. However, it has continually diversified its commodities over years. The major strategic objective of this enterprise is providing a one-stop store experience for its esteemed customers, where they can purchase all the organizations products. Amazon operates as an online retailer that does not have any physical store (Berman 2011). The companys items are transported and delivered to its loyal customers through Amazons supply chain system which consists of networks of distribution centers. This type of operation helps Amazon to provide a wide range of high-quality types of products at affordable costs. Online retail chain system has lowered its cost of operation and thereby, Amazon sells products at relatively low prices. Moreover, it increases customer satisfaction since it facilitates customer convenience (Bradshaw Brash 2011). Marketing Strategy Amazon has incorporated various marketing strategies to help it get the lions share of the market. Since the company targets middle and upper-class customers, its products are designed in a manner that meets the financial capability of these classes. Product differentiation is a marketing strategy that has helped the company to expand its market share across the globe. Although the company was initially established as an online store, it has continuously diversified its products by developing and providing new products in the market. Currently, the company provides a variety of products ranging from e-books, electronics, games applications, and kindles. Product differentiation has enabled Amazon to attract many customers and hence, increasing its sales. Also, the prices of the companys products are much lower as compared to those of its close competitors such as e-Bay and Walmart (Chaffey 2011). The supply chain of the company has helped it to reduce its operation costs by eliminating intermediaries such as wholesalers. Therefore, the company can sell its products at relatively low costs without making losses. Moreover, the Amazon utilizes technology in product promotion and marketing of its services. The companys website attracts high traffic jam, which enables it to be easily accessible by online communities. It uses its website to advertise its products and services. Moreover, Amazon makes good use of social media platforms such as Face and Twitter to reach out to the young generation and persuade them to consume its products. Another crucial marketing strategy adopted by this online store is the free delivery of goods to its customers. Immediately after the client has ordered and made the necessary payments for the product, the Amazon Company makes arrangement for the shipment of the product to the customers. This after-sales service has helped the company to retain more customers (Chen Chang 2013, p. 557). E-Commerce Applications In create its unique niche and differentiate its products and service from its key competitors in the market, Amazon has developed various e-commerce and IT start-ups such as Zappos.com, audible.com, pets.com, and Woot. These applications enable the company to offer high-quality goods to its customers by utilizing the existing technology at affordable costs. The e-commerce company has also attained economies of scale by offering diverse products to its clients. These products range from DIY, electronics, computer games, e-books to apparels. These e-commerce applications give the company a competitive advantage in the industry which has enabled it to position itself among the major successful e-commerce enterprises across the globe (Hernandez Bennison 2010, p. 358). Other e-commerce applications utilized by this giant online company include push strategy, product page, and online transaction systems. The push strategy directs the companys website contents on services and products. Companies with smaller sites utilize this technique for one product per page. However, large websites like that of Amazon expand the push strategy by developing catalog or an online mall for many products in which each item dominates a particular web page. Push strategy enhances online buying of products since it has features that draw the attention and creates the interest in the websites visitors to purchase these products. Attracting visitors who are searching for particular products is an excellent strategy of establishing a profitable online store (Johnson Whang 2012, p. 415). The product page contains the product description information and an attracting design that comes with high-quality professional photography and page layouts that provide an interactive and user-friendly interface. Also, the product pages on the companys website are designed with features that enable the prospective buyers to provide feedback on the products. Customer reviews and product information forms a powerful strategy that helps to convince and persuade customers that make the right decision by purchasing Amazons products. Moreover, the product pages contain information that provides the key features and benefits of the products. The other important tool for online business is transaction system. The system of ordering is in the form of the shopping cart. On the other hand, its purchasing systems have a user-interface with a bank account which helps online buyers to use electronic debit and credits to purchase goods. The Company allows its customers to use online payment systems such as PayPal and Skrill which are more convenient, with a high level of security (Fernie Sparks 2014). Supply Chain For any e-commerce enterprise to successfully meet the needs of its customers, it requires an efficient supply chain management to ensure the continuous supply of commodities and develop sustainable competitive benefits in the industry. There are many benefits associated with an efficient and effective supply system. Such benefits include shorter product life cycles, inventory reduction and quality improved service delivery. A successful online enterprise requires its supply chain linked to its competitive strategy goals. Amazon considers its clients as high responsiveness. For the organization to respond to high uncertainty demand and availability of brand products, the enterprise has established various components such as outsourcing, inventory management and transportation of products that drive its outcome (Dupuis Prime 2016, p. 33). One of the essential benefits of outsourcing is that it assists the business company to specialize on its primary functions as a strategy of lowering its operation costs. Amazon is one of such companies that need to take the advantages of these advantages associated with inventory outsourcing. However, it has outsourced only some part of its inventory as a mechanism of controlling risks and service optimization (Liebermann Stashevsky, 2012, p. 292). Architecture and E-Business Applications The company offers various delivery options for its clients as a strategy of managing transportation costs. Amazon offers free shipping services so as to achieve longer lead-time of transportation. It helps the enterprise to reduce transportation and benefit from the economies of scale. The company partners with the third party logistic firms in the transportation of its products to the customer. The key logistic company that partners with this giant e-e-commerce enterprise is DHL. However, Amazon uses order to check and package systems in tracking its product while on transit. Also, the company makes use of applications such as Linux, SQP, and Oracle to enhance service delivery (Chopra Sodhi 2014, p. 53). Strategies Under online business, a security transaction passes through key steps such as identity verification of the concerned parties, data encryption, verification of the data integrity and preventing any of the involved parties from denying the trade outcomes. The Amazon Company uses high-security measures such as the application of digital certificates, identity verification and data encryption to prevent its network from being comprised with security threats. Also, the company uses Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) and Security Socket Layer (SSL) which protects its customers against online fraudsters and hackers (Allen, Fjermestad 2011, p. 14). SET is a security technique that protects online stores, e-wallets and certificate authority from against access by unauthorized individuals. Its role is to protect the confidentiality of data and reliability of information as well as identifying the accounts of online buyers and sellers. Also, financial institutions such as banks use SET protocol to approve online transactions as a mechanism for maintaining a high level of security in e-business (Marchany Tront 2012, p. 2502). SSL protocol is designed to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and openness of information to the entire online payment system. It is mainly utilized in preventing data and information in web pages of the online transaction from theft and destruction. The users of the Amazons online payment system are given various forms of passwords and usernames which play the same role as an encryption technique. This technique is utilized to authenticate the authorized users to log into their accounts on the Amazon website (Akkermans, Bogerd, Vos 2014). Conclusion The existence of an effective supply chain management, use of effective marketing and security strategies are major factors that have contributed to the success of Amazon Company. This e-commerce companys main objectives are to provide a one-stop service center where consumers can get all products on one site, and will deliver the products to customers on time. To achieve these goals, the American e-retail store needs to establish a productive relationship with its customers and partners through a multi-tier inventory system which facilities timely delivery of unlimited products to the clients. Also, Amazon has maintained an efficient distribution and supply chain to transport goods to the customers. List of References Akkermans, H., Bogerd, P., Vos, B. 2014. Virtuous and vicious cycles on the road towards international supply chain management. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 19(5/6), 565-58 Allen, E., Fjermestad, J.,2011. E-commerce marketing strategies: an integrated framework and case analysis. Logistics Information Management, 14(1/2), 14-23. Berman, B., 2011.Competing in tough times: business lessons from L.L. Bean, Trader Joe's, Costco, and other world-class retailers. Upper Saddle River, N.J., FT Press. Beynon-davies, P., 2013.eBusiness. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Bradshaw, D., Brash, C.,2011. Managing customer relationships in the e-business world: how to personalise computer relationships for increased profitability. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 29(12), 520-530. Chaffey, D., 2011. E-business and E-commerce Management: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. Pearson Education. Chen, S. J., Chang, T. Z. 2013. A descriptive model of online shopping process: some empirical results. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(5), 556-569. Chopra, S., Sodhi, M. S. 2014. Managing risk to avoid supply-chain breakdown. MIT Sloan management review, 46(1), 53. Dupuis, M., Prime, N.,2016. Business distance and global retailing: a model for analysis of key success/failure factors. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 24(11), 30-38. Fernie, J., Sparks, L.,2014. Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Hernandez, T., Bennison, D.,2010. The art and science of retail location decisions. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 28(8), 357-367. Johnson, M., Whang, S.,2012. E business and supply chain management: an overview and framework. Production and Operations management, 11(4), 413-423. Lee, H. L., Whang, S.,2010. Information sharing in a supply chain. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management, 1(1), 79-93. Liebermann, Y. and Stashevsky, S., 2012. Perceived risks as barriers to Internet and e-commerce usage. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 5(4), pp.291-300. Marchany, R. C., Tront, J. G. ,2012. E-commerce security issues. In System Sciences, 2002. HICSS. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 2500-2508). IEEE.

Effects of Organizational Behaviour in Tata Motors Essay Example For Students

Effects of Organizational Behaviour in Tata Motors Essay Organizational behavior investigates the impact of persons, groups and organisational construction on the behavior and civilization within an organisation. OB aims to better the effectivity with which an organisation works ( Ashraf, T ). Peoples in an organisation are complex and multidimensional. They possess the desire to fulfill their demands and they need to tie in themselves with other people for larning and turning ( Lawrence, 1998 ). Organizational construction is a strong determiner in determining an organisation‘s behavior and determination regarding construction has major influence on an organisation ‘s scheme ( Galbraith, 1973 ). To be effectual, any organisation construction must make a balance between distinction and integrating and to react rapidly to the economic conditions, it should incorporate across differentiated sections ( Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967 ). Harmonizing to Schein, 1990 organisational civilization is the premises and beliefs of organisation and the behavior that the leaders get for the intent of determination devising and job resolution. Schneider, 1994 argues that organisational civilization is strengthened with the director geting the people with similar civilization to those who are already a portion of it. It is indispensable that the organisation chooses their leaders and leading manner with great attention as it has direct impact on the workforce attitude and motive degrees. Harmonizing to Yukel, 1998 a leader must be able to affect people in the organisation, actuate them towards accomplishing organisational ends and aims. The pick of leading is influenced by the organisational civilization. For illustration, in an organisation where the undertakings are non really good defined and people are non plenty dedicated, the leading manner will of course be one which reflects a commanding power. Similarly leading manner is besides affected by the organisational construction. It can be top-down in instance of functional construction or collaborative in instance of matrix construction ( Beer, M ). Outline1 Organizational Behaviour2 Beer, M ( Harvard University )3 Background4 Subordinates Companies5 Beginning: ( TATA Group Brochure, March 2010 ).6 Research Methodology ( 500 )7 Findingss8 Organization scheme ( 1500 )9 Strategic purpose10 Resource and strategic capablenesss11 Tata Motors Business Model12 Tata Business Excellence Model13 Beginning: TQMS: TBEM14 Elementss of TBEM15 Leadership16 Strategic Planning17 Customer A ; Market Focus18 Measurement, Analysis and Knowledge Management19 Workforce Focus20 Process Management21 Business Consequences22 Beginning: Tata Quality Management System ( TQMS )23 Tata ‘s current schemes24 Beginning: Tata Motors Annual Report 2009-201025 Organizational Structure ( 600 )26 The Organizational Structure of Tata Motors27 Overview28 Associating Organizational Culture with Organizational Culture and Scheme29 Organizational Culture ( 500 )30 Elementss of Organizational Culture at Tata Motors Ltd31 The Task Environment32 Beginning: Own Creati on33 Management and Leadership ( 600 ) Organizational Behaviour Beer, M ( Harvard University ) In the current epoch of globalisation, OB needs to cover with assorted issues and challenges that may originate. For illustration, transportation of production director of a fabrication house which is puting up a new subordinate in a foreign state. The director is now in a new organisational and cultural scene where work force may exhibit really different demands, attitudes and behaviors from the place state work force. This issue is particularly relevant to MNCs such as TATA Motors. Background TATA Motors Limited was established in 1945. It is India ‘s largest car company. Its portfolio consists of two chief concern units- Passenger Car Business Unit ( PCBU ) and Commercial Vehicles Business Unit ( CVBU ). TATA Motors Ltd is bit by bit bettering its planetary presence by geting concerns abroad. It is the 2nd largest coach maker and 4th largest truck maker in the universe. Tata Motors entered in the Indian rider vehicle concern every bit tardily as 1991 and within two decennaries, it is the India ‘s 3rd largest rider vehicle participant. The 2009-2010 amalgamate grosss stood at US $ 20 billion ( TATA Motors Annual Report 2009-2010 ). ( Appendix 1 ). Tata Motors in 1998 launched India ‘s first indigenously designed auto named â€Å" Tata Indica. In September 2004, Tata Motors Ltd became the first Indian Engineering Sector Company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ). Since 2005, it is in a strategic confederation with Fiat. In 2008, Tata Motors revealed the purpose behind universe ‘s cheapest auto â€Å" Nano † and launched it in 2009. Prior in 2008 it acquired two esteemed British auto trade names – â€Å" Jaguar † and â€Å" Land Rover ( TATA Group Brochure, March 2010 ). Tata Motors ‘ fabrication workss in India are established at the undermentioned locations: East- Jamshedpur West- Pune and Sanand North- Lucknow and Pantnagar South- Dharwad Tata Motors and Fiat have their common fabrication works at Ranjangaon, Pune. Besides, Tata Motors ‘ besides has international fabrication workss in UK, South Korea, Thailand and Spain ( TATA Group Brochure, March 2010 ). TATA Motors follows the coverage process and flow as shown in Appendix 2. The company has constituted a set of specific commissions to pull off the operations at a diverse degree. The Board of Directors empowers these commissions which helps them to put marks for the direction. Subordinates Companies Tata Motor ( www.tatamotors.com ) Jaguar Land Rover ( JLR ) ( www.jaguar.com ) ( www.landrover.com ) Telco Construction Equipment Company Ltd ( Telcon ) ( www.telcon.co.in ) Tata Motors ( Thailand ) ( www.tatamotors.co.th ) TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd ( www.tal.co.in ) Tata Technologies Ltd ( TTL ) ( www.tatatechnologies.com ) Tata Cummins Ltd ( TCL ) ( www.tatacummins.com ) TML Distribution Co Tata Marcopolo Motors Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Co Ltd ( www.daewootruck.co.kr ) Tata Motors European Technical Centre ( TMEC ) Tata Autocomp Systems Ltd ( www.tacogroup.com ) HV Transmissions Ltd ( HVTL and HV Axles ( HVAL ) ( www.tatamotors.com ) Tata Motors Finance Ltd ( www.tatamotorfinance.com ) Hispano Carrocera S.A. ( www.hispano-net.com ) Concorde Motors ( India ) Ltd ( www.concordemotors.com ) Beginning: ( TATA Group Brochure, March 2010 ). TATA Motors Ltd manufactures a assortment of vehicles under the classs of commercial, public-service corporation and rider vehicles. The complete merchandise profile is attached in Appendix 3. Research Methodology ( 500 ) Data Collection Issues and Challenges Analysis Findingss Organization scheme ( 1500 ) Strategic purpose Harmonizing to Sutherland A ; Canwell ( 2004 ), â€Å" strategic purpose † is the purpose of an organisation to synchronise and impel the direction and work force towards accomplishing the needed ends and aims. If we closely look at the manner Tata Motors has been spread outing in international market, it is clear that the purpose is acquisition and amalgamations of similar concerns globally. Latest illustrations are the acquisition of two British auto trade names Jaguar and Land Rover and strategic coaction with Cummins to organize Tata Communications Ltd ( TCL ). Harmonizing to Stacy ( 1993 ), strategic purpose is to deliberately portion an connotation with the members of direction and work force to accomplish a coveted place by following a peculiar scheme. In add-on to this, Tata ‘s strategic purpose is to get new beginnings of resources and capablenesss to accomplish its ends and aims ( Robson, 1997 and Thompson, 2001 ). Resource and strategic capablenesss Recently in the context of acquisition of Daimler Chrysler by Tata Motors, Mr Ratan Tata believes that he can better the concern and increase the grosss faster than General Motors. Harmonizing to Richter ( 2007 ), there is possibility of merely two out of the three to last in the resort area. If we look at the nucleus values of Tata Motors, we find that they are committed to present quality in life of clients and they have demonstrated through the successful launch of Tata Nano that their nucleus strategic capableness remainders in graduated table of operations ensuing in cost efficiency. Besides harmonizing to Brockbank ( 2002 ), Tata ‘s leading development will reflect its attending towards enriching value add-on in its human resource schemes. Tata Motors Business Model Osterwalder et Al. ( 2005 ) have defined a concern theoretical account as a conceptual instrument or model made up of a wide group of entities and relationships bing between them through which an organisation expresses its principle of transporting out concern activities in certain ways. It describes the value system of an organisation covering several sections of clients and of the organisation architecture and its web system dwelling of spouses and clients to bring forth profitable grosss in the long tally. Career Development through International Mobility EssayHarmonizing to Chen A ; Huang ( 2007 ), the organisational design impacts and is impacted by the type of interactions, information exchange and knowledge direction. Tata Motors encourages relationships at both formal and informal degrees through planing level organisational constructions at different divisional units. Sing the span of control a level organisational construction benefits Tata Motors because it has some really experient squad of leaders who can supply a strategic way to the direction working under their supervising ( See Appendix 7 for cardinal participants in Tata Motors Ltd ). The organisation is focused towards accomplishing the ends and visions set by Mr. Ratan Tata, therefore there is a seeable demand for liberty which is good supported by a flatter construction. Lesser degrees in the organisation construction provide a better platform for invention and customization of merchandises. Associating Organizational Culture with Organizational Culture and Scheme An identical characteristic of organisational construction is the flow of information ; the employees follow a formalistic form of describing. Tata Motors follows a codification of behavior that helps in make up one’s minding on and delegating duties to advance group working. One of the biggest benefit of such a construction is the handiness of top direction to the center and lower direction degree employees. This is highly critical in constructing a civilization that is positive and productive. Tata Motors Ltd links all its functional sections through Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ). It promotes easy sharing of of import information between its different sections. The assorted divisions and sections are interconnected through intranet ; therefore advancing instant information sharing among the employees and direction. This is particularly helpful in maintaining the organisation ‘s human resources connected at every degree. The current focal point of Tata Motors is on revolutionising the auto concern. This means the strategic focal point in on innovating and developing the domestic and international market. The two recent illustrations back uping the principle are the launch of Tata ‘s universe ‘s cheapest car- NANO and acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover trade names ( JLR ). During the stage of Nano development and launch the whole organisation took it as their personal accomplishment. All these factors are beef uping the organisation ‘s civilization along with its organisational design by implementing the right concern scheme. Organizational Culture ( 500 ) The employees at different degrees of the organisation ( lower, in-between and top ) are cognizant of organisation ‘s every scene and action embedded in the elements of civilization ; therefore the manner an organisation manages is unwittingly judged by its human resources which influences their behavior towards their ain and organisation ‘s aims Nadi ( 2008 ). Whether an organisation will successfully implement its scheme and accomplish the set ends is extremely dependent on the civilization within it. It is highly critical for an organisation to develop the right sort of cultural scenes within which its work force operates, learns, develops and demonstrates. Culture can be understood as the integrating of organisation ‘s beliefs, norms patterns and organisational behavior. It besides links the organisation ‘s schemes, engineerings and merchandises ( Kefela, 2010 ). The organisations which focus extensively on bettering quality through Total Quality Management, such as Tata Motors Ltd find that the premiss of pull offing quality ( TATA Motors Ltd managed its quality through TQMS ) can be specifying force behind civilization alteration and betterment ( Chaudron, 1992 ). The civilization in one organisation can be really different from another depending on the corporate scheme and what is to be achieved. Cultural development is besides an indispensable facilitator of leading development ( Bal and Quinn, 2001 ). Tata Motors works towards developing leaders maintaining in position the context and civilization in which they are developed. Organizational civilization is the backgrounds in which leaders are developed the leaders are developed and is hence imperative towards developing a competitory and sustainable leading across organisation. Surveies by Collins and Poras ( 1994 ) found out the strong linkage bing between organisational civilization and the public presentation of its employees which is indirectly linked with client satisfaction. Elementss of Organizational Culture at Tata Motors Ltd The organisational civilization of Tata Motors is apprehensible as the â€Å" task civilization †. Tata Motors believes in supplying complete client satisfaction and follows rigorous safety related steps and guidelines. To supply a rich client service experience it undertakes effectual and efficient networking of gross revenues and service networking. It performs in Concord with its client demands and expected degrees of public presentation and service. It besides adapts itself to the assorted rival schemes and approaching regulations and ordinances. Thus the civilization within the organisation is focused on covering dynamic and ambitious forces of concern environment and is really good complemented by its matrix and level organisation construction. The Task Environment Beginning: Own Creation Tata Motors strongly believes in the fact that â€Å" all the difference is made by the people †. For implementing the construct in world it makes a batch of investing in developing its people possible by the methods of engagement, authorization, preparation and development, larning chances. Thus the organisational civilization of Tata Motors can be best understood as one which provides infinite for uninterrupted betterment for its human resources. The directors need non worry about the everyday jobs every bit much as they need to concentrate on truly bettering the quality of work and technological and societal progresss. The civilization at Tata Motors can be best described as delegation-oriented and empowerment-focused. It is a civilization which recognizes people, groups and squads for their personal and organisational accomplishments. Tata Motors Ltd has ever given important importance to developing an organisational civilization wherein invention is encouraged. The employees are continuously encouraged to follow advanced patterns. With this consequence, TATA Motors Ltd has assorted technological and choice betterment related plans. Although its chief focal point remainders on the Indian automotive market, it has been hammering in the international markets in recent times. It is spread outing its concern profile in emerging markets like Hong Kong, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, etc. This poses challenges for Tata Motors to suit its civilization in these states with its corporate civilization. It is critical to take the right concern theoretical account with cultural values and beliefs that are consistent with its overall corporate scheme. It is besides spread outing its operations in states in Britain, Italy and Spain. Tata Motors has ever been endeavoring to achieve technological excellence it its concern procedures and operations. Therefore the Research and Development section is invariably working towards accomplishing excellence. It is puting on large graduated table in research and green engineering reflecting committedness towards ecological impacts of automotive industry. Tata Motors possesses strong belief in helping the cause of nature and clime control ; its attempts for invention in the field of technology and engineering are aimed at developing alternate fuels. It has besides made CO2 emanation norms- EURO compulsory in many of its vehicles. The organisational civilization of Tata Motors makes it indispensable to develop its leading potency and impact while keeping its original values which aim to better the people ‘s quality of life. It is every bit committed to the cause of societal development which is seeable in its Corporate Social Responsibility through which it helps the under privileged subdivisions of rural and urban society. Management and Leadership ( 600 ) The group president Ratan Tata is responsible for transforming Tata Motors Ltd. into a Group scheme think concerns. His vision of doing a truly international company brought in a foreign CEO. As per one of the paper there is no such ideal leader instead one evolves as an ideal leader with experience. Initially he assumed to be one of the best in the universe. He is presently portion of 203 board members in 20 different organisations across 23 different industries.