National Infrastructure Protection Plan and Risk...

National Infrastructure Protection Plan and Risk Management Framework D’Juan L. Sanders Professor Rachelle Howard SEC 310 February 1, 2013 Protecting the Nations Critical Infrastructure The National Infrastructure Protection Plan’s risk management framework is a process structured to protect the Nation’s CIKR, DHS, and SSA’s assets, systems, networks, and functions by minimizing potential risks that may compromise integrity of these very important sectors. According to free dictionary.com (2013), a risk is any possibility of incurring misfortune or loss; hazard. The framework of this risk management process consists of following a number of steps, in a strategic order, to best assure optimal security and protection. Though†¦show more content†¦* identify assets and identify which are most critical * identify, characterize, and assess threats * assess the vulnerability of critical assets to specific threats * determine the risk (i.e. the expected consequences of specific types of attacks on specific assets) * identify ways to reduce those risks * prioritize risk reduction measures based on a strategy These risk management goals allow for personnel to point out the most critical assets by identifying them. Risk management gives personnel the opportunity to understand where their strengths and weaknesses are with vulnerability and the potential impact of consequence that exposure poses. Last but not least, risk management aids in forming a strategy to maintain vulnerability at minimal levels. Identifying Assets, Systems, and Networks Identifying assets, systems, and networks must be the most important within in the RM framework because if you don’t know what to protect, how can you protect it? Assets left unprotected can be very detrimental because it can increase national vulnerability to a terrorist attack, natural disaster, or changes in technology. Therefore it is very important to protect any asset that needs protecting or containing anything essential to our nation’s security. Without thisShow MoreRelatedAn Earthquake Scenario And How It Affects The Energy Sector1254 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s dynamic threats to American assets and infrastructure require the capability of security entities, at all levels, to communicate and integrate effectively. Critical Infrastructure (CI) is a key area that must be protected. This paper will focus on the energy sector and analyze: specific goals and objectives; an assessment of and analysis of risks; sector specific implementations of risk managem ent; and measure the effectiveness of the current procedures in place. This paper will focus onRead MoreManaging A Strong Risk Management Program Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesestablish a strong risk management program. It can be difficult to conceptualize risk management as a program and a framework. It is first important to identify the critical infrastructure and key resources that require risk reduction and the mitigation of consequences. In this essay we will examine how risk management is used by the homeland security enterprise, and how that use benefits such aspects as resource allocation, strategic planning, and grant writing. Critical infrastructure is defined inRead MoreInformation Security In Zanziabar Public Sector1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthe case study â€Å"state of Information Security in Zanzibar’s public sector† (Shaaban, et al., 2012). 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Homeland Security The establishment of the Department of Homeland security is, undoubtedly, a result of the lessons learned and identification of the need to protectRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Supplies A National Protection Plan1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Department of Homeland Security supplies a national protection plan concerning critical infrastructure security. This plan targets a wide audience, including public and private critical infrastructure owners and administrators. Managing risks through identifying, deterring, and disrupting threats to critical infrastructure is the direct focus of this plan. The ability of an organization to reduce the impact of a threat that has occurred and reducing the impact of one that may occur is essentialRead MoreThe Cyber Security Framework959 Words   |  4 PagesProper framework The path forward to secure transportation systems from cyber attacks will require broad-based commitments to improve cybersecurity awareness and the use of best security practices by individuals, industries and government agencies. Sector partners should work together to refine assessments of the cyber threats and vulnerabilities, and to assure timely sharing of cyber-threat information with owners and operators. The partners should continue to implement the Transportation SystemsRead MoreRisk Management Within Homeland Security Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Risk Management within Homeland Security Risk management is applied in numerous ways by various agencies and organizations within the U.S. national security apparatus. One manner in which risk management is utilized by the Department of Defense is to mitigate vulnerabilities to personnel during military operations. Whether or not to recruit and deploy a double-agent is a primary focus of risk management within the CIA’s Counterespionage Group. Moreover, evaluatingRead MoreCritical Infrastructure Protection1140 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Critical Infrastructure Protection Introduction The importance of protecting the U.S. national infrastructure cannot be overstated. The protection of critical infrastructure is †¦essential to the nations security, public health and safety, economic vitality, and way of life, according to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). This paper delves into the mission and responsibilities of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and references other sources related to infrastructure securityRead MoreCyber Security Framework1175 Words   |  5 PagesCybersecurity Framework SEO: Critical infrastructure, enterprise network security What is the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, and how does it help strengthen your security processes? The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a number of guidelines and best practices for cybersecurity concerns across industries; one of their most well-known guides is their Cybersecurity Framework, originally created in February 2014, with a major revision underway as of January 2017. 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Why Has Ipo Underpricing Changed over Time - 13588 Words

Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed Over Time? Tim Loughran and Jay Ritter* lu the l9SOs. the average first-day rcliirn on inilial public offerings (IPOs) was 7%, The average firsl-day return doubled to almost I5 i during 1990-1998. before jumping to 65% during Ihe internet bubble years of 1999-2000 and then reverting la / i % during 2001-2003. We attribute much of the higher underpricing during the bubble period to a changing issuer objective function. We argue that in the later periods there wav less focus on maximizing IPO proceeds due to an increased emphasis on research coverage. Furthermore, allocations of hot IPOs to the personal brokerage accounts oj issuing firm executives created an incentive to seek rather than avoid†¦show more content†¦(Money on the table is the change between the offer price and the first closing market price, multiplied by the number of shares sold.) The hypothesized reasons for the increased acquiescence are reduced chief executive officer (CEO) ownership, fewer IPOs containing secondar y shares, increased ownership fragmentation, and an increased frequeney and size of friends and family share allocations. These changes made issuing firm decision-makers less motivated to bargain for a higher offer price. The realignment of incentives hypothesis is similar to the changing risk composition hypothesis in that it is changes in the characteristics of ownership, rather than any nonstationarities in the pricing relations, that are associated with changes in average underpricing. It differs from the changing risk composition hypothesis, however, in that underpricing is not determined solely by the investor demand side of the market. In our empirical work, we find little support for the realignment of ineentives hypothesis as an explanation for substantial changes in underpricing. We find no relation between the inclusion of secondary shares in an IPO and underpricing. And although CEO fractional ownership was lower during the internet bubble period, the CEO dollar ownershi p (the market value of the CEO s holdings) was substantially higher, resulting in increased incentives to avoid underpricing. Furthermore, it is possible that changes inShow MoreRelatedThe First Life Cycle Theory1206 Words   |  5 Pagessuggested that take-over targets are easier for potential buyers to spot when they are public. Furthermore it is easier for potential buyers to pressure the targets for concessions on price than it is to pressure external investors. Thus in theory an IPO facilitates the acquisition of their company at a higher price than an outright sale. However, although the potential price may be higher with an IPO, IPOs are also often costly to perform with their fees, listing requirements and underpricing. Secondly asRead MoreChina s Stock Market And Its Abnormal Characteristics3750 Words   |  15 Pagesmarket has witnessed rapid growth from a global perspective over last decades, along with massive IPO activities emerged with a huge amount of fund raised. T he reasons why the Chinese initial public offering (IPO) market and its abnormal characteristics have drawn more interests from investors can be attributed to multiple aspects. First, one of the most significant puzzles of IPO – underpricing – is at an unimaginably high level in Chinese IPO market. Although the degree of underpricing varies enormouslyRead MoreThe Process of an Initial Public Offering (Ipo). the Underpricing Problem.3310 Words   |  14 Pages1. Introduction All companies need to raise capital at one time or another, first of all to start-up their business, and then to finance new projects and expand operations. Most of them start out by raising money from private sources, with no liquid market existing if the investors wish to sell their stock. A lot of new ventures rely initially on these internal funds, which come mostly from relatives and friends; some other firms, instead, receive help from the so-called â€Å"angel investors†. FurthermoreRead MoreBehavioral Finance3882 Words   |  16 Pagesmaximization with rational investors in efficient markets. The two building blocks of behavioral finance are cognitive psychology (how people think) and the limits to arbitrage (when markets will be inefficient). The growth of behavioral finance research has been fueled by the inability of the traditional framework to explain many empirical patterns, including stock market bubbles in Japan, Taiwan, and the U.S. JEL classification: G14; D81 Keywords: Behavioral finance; arbitrage; psychology; marketRead MoreQuant Job Interview Questions And Answers.pdf9483 Words   |  38 PagesWorking Paper: An Empirical Investigation of Initial Public Offering (IPO) Performance Zachary A. Smith, Ph.D. An Empirical Analysis of Initial Public Offering (IPO) Performance Zachary A. Smith, Ph.D. 507 Winchester Road Jacksonville, NC 28546 (757) 553-1692 zacharyasmith@gmail.com Working Paper: An Empirical Investigation of Initial Public Offering (IPO) Performance Zachary A. Smith, Ph.D. Abstract: For decades, researchers have disagreed about the magnitude and predictabilityRead Morepast paper1497 Words   |  6 PagesTHE UNIVERSITY OF HULL The Business School HKU SPACE Level 6 Examination 1 August 2010 Current Issues in Finance Date : 1 August 2010 Time Allowed : 2 hours Answer THREE questions – At least ONE question from each section. Standard calculators (non-programmable) may be used. Tables are attached. Do not open or turn over this exam paper, or start to write anything until told to by the Invigilator. Starting to write before permitted to do so may be seen as an attempt toRead MoreMaster Thesis Topic18078 Words   |  73 PagesMaster Thesis Topics Finance amp; Investments 2009-2010 Table of Contents Master Thesis topic 1: The Design of Lockup Contracts in IPO Firms in Europe 4 Master Thesis topic 2: Bank Risk Management 6 Master Thesis topic 3: The Ambiguous Role of Credit Ratings 8 Master Thesis topic 4: Mergers and Acquisitions 9 Master Thesis topic 5: Trading Volume and Asset Prices 10 Master Thesis topic 6: Liquidity in Asset Markets 11 Master Thesis topic 7: The Role of Corporate Governance in Mergers andRead MoreSolutions: Income Statement and Pearson Education121412 Words   |  486 PagesChapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 The Corporation Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis Arbitrage and Financial Decision Making The Time Value of Money Interest Rates Investment Decision Rules Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting Valuing Bonds Valuing Stocks Capital Markets and the Pricing of Risk Optimal Portfolio Choice and the Capital Asset Pricing Model Estimating the Cost of CapitalRead MoreDebt vs. Equity and Asymmetric Information: a Review16933 Words   |  68 Pagesissues related to the adverse investment selection problem of Myers-Majluf. Finally, we discuss the timing hypothesis of capital structure. Empirical studies do not consistently support one theory of capital structure under information asymmetry over the others. Thus, the review suggests that additional theoretical contributions are needed to help understand and explain findings in the empirical literature. Keywords: capital structure, asymmetric information, pecking order hypothesis, timingRead MoreBodie, Kane, Marcus Study Guide Essay40928 Words   |  164 Pagessacrifice. One gives up some current consumption to be able to consumer more in the future (or to be able to consumer at all in the future if the goal is simply capital preservation.) Financial assets provide a ready vehicle to transfer consumption through time. They may be more appropriate investments than real assets for many investors. The distinctions between real and financial assets (see below) can be used to discuss key differences in their nature and in their appropriateness as investment vehicles

E-Business Applications for Amazon Company †Get a Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about theE-Business Applications for Amazon Company. Answer: Introduction The internet development has led to a dynamic change in different business industries and the shopping habit of customers across the globe. Traditionally, consumers bought products through physical stores such as retail stores and supermarkets. However, advancement in technology has resulted in the emergence of e-business which involves the purchase of goods and services through the internet. The online business is continually positioning itself as the most successful business strategy. The e-mails success and effectiveness mainly depend on the presence of an efficient marketing strategy, strategic supply chain management and high level of network security. Amazon Company is an example of e-commerce companies that has utilized technology to penetrate in the world markets; therefore, this paper seeks to focus on e-commerce strategies of Amazon Company. Overview of Amazon Company Amazon is one of the leading American multinational e-retail companies that provide various types of products. This giant online retail store is based in Seattle, Washington, United States of America. The enterprise has originally established a bookstore. However, it has continually diversified its commodities over years. The major strategic objective of this enterprise is providing a one-stop store experience for its esteemed customers, where they can purchase all the organizations products. Amazon operates as an online retailer that does not have any physical store (Berman 2011). The companys items are transported and delivered to its loyal customers through Amazons supply chain system which consists of networks of distribution centers. This type of operation helps Amazon to provide a wide range of high-quality types of products at affordable costs. Online retail chain system has lowered its cost of operation and thereby, Amazon sells products at relatively low prices. Moreover, it increases customer satisfaction since it facilitates customer convenience (Bradshaw Brash 2011). Marketing Strategy Amazon has incorporated various marketing strategies to help it get the lions share of the market. Since the company targets middle and upper-class customers, its products are designed in a manner that meets the financial capability of these classes. Product differentiation is a marketing strategy that has helped the company to expand its market share across the globe. Although the company was initially established as an online store, it has continuously diversified its products by developing and providing new products in the market. Currently, the company provides a variety of products ranging from e-books, electronics, games applications, and kindles. Product differentiation has enabled Amazon to attract many customers and hence, increasing its sales. Also, the prices of the companys products are much lower as compared to those of its close competitors such as e-Bay and Walmart (Chaffey 2011). The supply chain of the company has helped it to reduce its operation costs by eliminating intermediaries such as wholesalers. Therefore, the company can sell its products at relatively low costs without making losses. Moreover, the Amazon utilizes technology in product promotion and marketing of its services. The companys website attracts high traffic jam, which enables it to be easily accessible by online communities. It uses its website to advertise its products and services. Moreover, Amazon makes good use of social media platforms such as Face and Twitter to reach out to the young generation and persuade them to consume its products. Another crucial marketing strategy adopted by this online store is the free delivery of goods to its customers. Immediately after the client has ordered and made the necessary payments for the product, the Amazon Company makes arrangement for the shipment of the product to the customers. This after-sales service has helped the company to retain more customers (Chen Chang 2013, p. 557). E-Commerce Applications In create its unique niche and differentiate its products and service from its key competitors in the market, Amazon has developed various e-commerce and IT start-ups such as Zappos.com, audible.com, pets.com, and Woot. These applications enable the company to offer high-quality goods to its customers by utilizing the existing technology at affordable costs. The e-commerce company has also attained economies of scale by offering diverse products to its clients. These products range from DIY, electronics, computer games, e-books to apparels. These e-commerce applications give the company a competitive advantage in the industry which has enabled it to position itself among the major successful e-commerce enterprises across the globe (Hernandez Bennison 2010, p. 358). Other e-commerce applications utilized by this giant online company include push strategy, product page, and online transaction systems. The push strategy directs the companys website contents on services and products. Companies with smaller sites utilize this technique for one product per page. However, large websites like that of Amazon expand the push strategy by developing catalog or an online mall for many products in which each item dominates a particular web page. Push strategy enhances online buying of products since it has features that draw the attention and creates the interest in the websites visitors to purchase these products. Attracting visitors who are searching for particular products is an excellent strategy of establishing a profitable online store (Johnson Whang 2012, p. 415). The product page contains the product description information and an attracting design that comes with high-quality professional photography and page layouts that provide an interactive and user-friendly interface. Also, the product pages on the companys website are designed with features that enable the prospective buyers to provide feedback on the products. Customer reviews and product information forms a powerful strategy that helps to convince and persuade customers that make the right decision by purchasing Amazons products. Moreover, the product pages contain information that provides the key features and benefits of the products. The other important tool for online business is transaction system. The system of ordering is in the form of the shopping cart. On the other hand, its purchasing systems have a user-interface with a bank account which helps online buyers to use electronic debit and credits to purchase goods. The Company allows its customers to use online payment systems such as PayPal and Skrill which are more convenient, with a high level of security (Fernie Sparks 2014). Supply Chain For any e-commerce enterprise to successfully meet the needs of its customers, it requires an efficient supply chain management to ensure the continuous supply of commodities and develop sustainable competitive benefits in the industry. There are many benefits associated with an efficient and effective supply system. Such benefits include shorter product life cycles, inventory reduction and quality improved service delivery. A successful online enterprise requires its supply chain linked to its competitive strategy goals. Amazon considers its clients as high responsiveness. For the organization to respond to high uncertainty demand and availability of brand products, the enterprise has established various components such as outsourcing, inventory management and transportation of products that drive its outcome (Dupuis Prime 2016, p. 33). One of the essential benefits of outsourcing is that it assists the business company to specialize on its primary functions as a strategy of lowering its operation costs. Amazon is one of such companies that need to take the advantages of these advantages associated with inventory outsourcing. However, it has outsourced only some part of its inventory as a mechanism of controlling risks and service optimization (Liebermann Stashevsky, 2012, p. 292). Architecture and E-Business Applications The company offers various delivery options for its clients as a strategy of managing transportation costs. Amazon offers free shipping services so as to achieve longer lead-time of transportation. It helps the enterprise to reduce transportation and benefit from the economies of scale. The company partners with the third party logistic firms in the transportation of its products to the customer. The key logistic company that partners with this giant e-e-commerce enterprise is DHL. However, Amazon uses order to check and package systems in tracking its product while on transit. Also, the company makes use of applications such as Linux, SQP, and Oracle to enhance service delivery (Chopra Sodhi 2014, p. 53). Strategies Under online business, a security transaction passes through key steps such as identity verification of the concerned parties, data encryption, verification of the data integrity and preventing any of the involved parties from denying the trade outcomes. The Amazon Company uses high-security measures such as the application of digital certificates, identity verification and data encryption to prevent its network from being comprised with security threats. Also, the company uses Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) and Security Socket Layer (SSL) which protects its customers against online fraudsters and hackers (Allen, Fjermestad 2011, p. 14). SET is a security technique that protects online stores, e-wallets and certificate authority from against access by unauthorized individuals. Its role is to protect the confidentiality of data and reliability of information as well as identifying the accounts of online buyers and sellers. Also, financial institutions such as banks use SET protocol to approve online transactions as a mechanism for maintaining a high level of security in e-business (Marchany Tront 2012, p. 2502). SSL protocol is designed to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and openness of information to the entire online payment system. It is mainly utilized in preventing data and information in web pages of the online transaction from theft and destruction. The users of the Amazons online payment system are given various forms of passwords and usernames which play the same role as an encryption technique. This technique is utilized to authenticate the authorized users to log into their accounts on the Amazon website (Akkermans, Bogerd, Vos 2014). Conclusion The existence of an effective supply chain management, use of effective marketing and security strategies are major factors that have contributed to the success of Amazon Company. This e-commerce companys main objectives are to provide a one-stop service center where consumers can get all products on one site, and will deliver the products to customers on time. To achieve these goals, the American e-retail store needs to establish a productive relationship with its customers and partners through a multi-tier inventory system which facilities timely delivery of unlimited products to the clients. Also, Amazon has maintained an efficient distribution and supply chain to transport goods to the customers. List of References Akkermans, H., Bogerd, P., Vos, B. 2014. Virtuous and vicious cycles on the road towards international supply chain management. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 19(5/6), 565-58 Allen, E., Fjermestad, J.,2011. E-commerce marketing strategies: an integrated framework and case analysis. Logistics Information Management, 14(1/2), 14-23. Berman, B., 2011.Competing in tough times: business lessons from L.L. Bean, Trader Joe's, Costco, and other world-class retailers. Upper Saddle River, N.J., FT Press. Beynon-davies, P., 2013.eBusiness. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Bradshaw, D., Brash, C.,2011. Managing customer relationships in the e-business world: how to personalise computer relationships for increased profitability. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 29(12), 520-530. Chaffey, D., 2011. E-business and E-commerce Management: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. Pearson Education. Chen, S. J., Chang, T. Z. 2013. A descriptive model of online shopping process: some empirical results. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(5), 556-569. Chopra, S., Sodhi, M. S. 2014. Managing risk to avoid supply-chain breakdown. MIT Sloan management review, 46(1), 53. Dupuis, M., Prime, N.,2016. Business distance and global retailing: a model for analysis of key success/failure factors. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 24(11), 30-38. Fernie, J., Sparks, L.,2014. Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Hernandez, T., Bennison, D.,2010. The art and science of retail location decisions. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 28(8), 357-367. Johnson, M., Whang, S.,2012. E business and supply chain management: an overview and framework. Production and Operations management, 11(4), 413-423. Lee, H. L., Whang, S.,2010. Information sharing in a supply chain. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management, 1(1), 79-93. Liebermann, Y. and Stashevsky, S., 2012. Perceived risks as barriers to Internet and e-commerce usage. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 5(4), pp.291-300. Marchany, R. C., Tront, J. G. ,2012. E-commerce security issues. In System Sciences, 2002. HICSS. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 2500-2508). IEEE.

Effects of Organizational Behaviour in Tata Motors Essay Example For Students

Effects of Organizational Behaviour in Tata Motors Essay Organizational behavior investigates the impact of persons, groups and organisational construction on the behavior and civilization within an organisation. OB aims to better the effectivity with which an organisation works ( Ashraf, T ). Peoples in an organisation are complex and multidimensional. They possess the desire to fulfill their demands and they need to tie in themselves with other people for larning and turning ( Lawrence, 1998 ). Organizational construction is a strong determiner in determining an organisation‘s behavior and determination regarding construction has major influence on an organisation ‘s scheme ( Galbraith, 1973 ). To be effectual, any organisation construction must make a balance between distinction and integrating and to react rapidly to the economic conditions, it should incorporate across differentiated sections ( Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967 ). Harmonizing to Schein, 1990 organisational civilization is the premises and beliefs of organisation and the behavior that the leaders get for the intent of determination devising and job resolution. Schneider, 1994 argues that organisational civilization is strengthened with the director geting the people with similar civilization to those who are already a portion of it. It is indispensable that the organisation chooses their leaders and leading manner with great attention as it has direct impact on the workforce attitude and motive degrees. Harmonizing to Yukel, 1998 a leader must be able to affect people in the organisation, actuate them towards accomplishing organisational ends and aims. The pick of leading is influenced by the organisational civilization. For illustration, in an organisation where the undertakings are non really good defined and people are non plenty dedicated, the leading manner will of course be one which reflects a commanding power. Similarly leading manner is besides affected by the organisational construction. It can be top-down in instance of functional construction or collaborative in instance of matrix construction ( Beer, M ). Outline1 Organizational Behaviour2 Beer, M ( Harvard University )3 Background4 Subordinates Companies5 Beginning: ( TATA Group Brochure, March 2010 ).6 Research Methodology ( 500 )7 Findingss8 Organization scheme ( 1500 )9 Strategic purpose10 Resource and strategic capablenesss11 Tata Motors Business Model12 Tata Business Excellence Model13 Beginning: TQMS: TBEM14 Elementss of TBEM15 Leadership16 Strategic Planning17 Customer A ; Market Focus18 Measurement, Analysis and Knowledge Management19 Workforce Focus20 Process Management21 Business Consequences22 Beginning: Tata Quality Management System ( TQMS )23 Tata ‘s current schemes24 Beginning: Tata Motors Annual Report 2009-201025 Organizational Structure ( 600 )26 The Organizational Structure of Tata Motors27 Overview28 Associating Organizational Culture with Organizational Culture and Scheme29 Organizational Culture ( 500 )30 Elementss of Organizational Culture at Tata Motors Ltd31 The Task Environment32 Beginning: Own Creati on33 Management and Leadership ( 600 ) Organizational Behaviour Beer, M ( Harvard University ) In the current epoch of globalisation, OB needs to cover with assorted issues and challenges that may originate. For illustration, transportation of production director of a fabrication house which is puting up a new subordinate in a foreign state. The director is now in a new organisational and cultural scene where work force may exhibit really different demands, attitudes and behaviors from the place state work force. This issue is particularly relevant to MNCs such as TATA Motors. Background TATA Motors Limited was established in 1945. It is India ‘s largest car company. Its portfolio consists of two chief concern units- Passenger Car Business Unit ( PCBU ) and Commercial Vehicles Business Unit ( CVBU ). TATA Motors Ltd is bit by bit bettering its planetary presence by geting concerns abroad. It is the 2nd largest coach maker and 4th largest truck maker in the universe. Tata Motors entered in the Indian rider vehicle concern every bit tardily as 1991 and within two decennaries, it is the India ‘s 3rd largest rider vehicle participant. The 2009-2010 amalgamate grosss stood at US $ 20 billion ( TATA Motors Annual Report 2009-2010 ). ( Appendix 1 ). Tata Motors in 1998 launched India ‘s first indigenously designed auto named â€Å" Tata Indica. In September 2004, Tata Motors Ltd became the first Indian Engineering Sector Company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ). Since 2005, it is in a strategic confederation with Fiat. In 2008, Tata Motors revealed the purpose behind universe ‘s cheapest auto â€Å" Nano † and launched it in 2009. Prior in 2008 it acquired two esteemed British auto trade names – â€Å" Jaguar † and â€Å" Land Rover ( TATA Group Brochure, March 2010 ). Tata Motors ‘ fabrication workss in India are established at the undermentioned locations: East- Jamshedpur West- Pune and Sanand North- Lucknow and Pantnagar South- Dharwad Tata Motors and Fiat have their common fabrication works at Ranjangaon, Pune. Besides, Tata Motors ‘ besides has international fabrication workss in UK, South Korea, Thailand and Spain ( TATA Group Brochure, March 2010 ). TATA Motors follows the coverage process and flow as shown in Appendix 2. The company has constituted a set of specific commissions to pull off the operations at a diverse degree. The Board of Directors empowers these commissions which helps them to put marks for the direction. Subordinates Companies Tata Motor ( www.tatamotors.com ) Jaguar Land Rover ( JLR ) ( www.jaguar.com ) ( www.landrover.com ) Telco Construction Equipment Company Ltd ( Telcon ) ( www.telcon.co.in ) Tata Motors ( Thailand ) ( www.tatamotors.co.th ) TAL Manufacturing Solutions Ltd ( www.tal.co.in ) Tata Technologies Ltd ( TTL ) ( www.tatatechnologies.com ) Tata Cummins Ltd ( TCL ) ( www.tatacummins.com ) TML Distribution Co Tata Marcopolo Motors Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Co Ltd ( www.daewootruck.co.kr ) Tata Motors European Technical Centre ( TMEC ) Tata Autocomp Systems Ltd ( www.tacogroup.com ) HV Transmissions Ltd ( HVTL and HV Axles ( HVAL ) ( www.tatamotors.com ) Tata Motors Finance Ltd ( www.tatamotorfinance.com ) Hispano Carrocera S.A. ( www.hispano-net.com ) Concorde Motors ( India ) Ltd ( www.concordemotors.com ) Beginning: ( TATA Group Brochure, March 2010 ). TATA Motors Ltd manufactures a assortment of vehicles under the classs of commercial, public-service corporation and rider vehicles. The complete merchandise profile is attached in Appendix 3. Research Methodology ( 500 ) Data Collection Issues and Challenges Analysis Findingss Organization scheme ( 1500 ) Strategic purpose Harmonizing to Sutherland A ; Canwell ( 2004 ), â€Å" strategic purpose † is the purpose of an organisation to synchronise and impel the direction and work force towards accomplishing the needed ends and aims. If we closely look at the manner Tata Motors has been spread outing in international market, it is clear that the purpose is acquisition and amalgamations of similar concerns globally. Latest illustrations are the acquisition of two British auto trade names Jaguar and Land Rover and strategic coaction with Cummins to organize Tata Communications Ltd ( TCL ). Harmonizing to Stacy ( 1993 ), strategic purpose is to deliberately portion an connotation with the members of direction and work force to accomplish a coveted place by following a peculiar scheme. In add-on to this, Tata ‘s strategic purpose is to get new beginnings of resources and capablenesss to accomplish its ends and aims ( Robson, 1997 and Thompson, 2001 ). Resource and strategic capablenesss Recently in the context of acquisition of Daimler Chrysler by Tata Motors, Mr Ratan Tata believes that he can better the concern and increase the grosss faster than General Motors. Harmonizing to Richter ( 2007 ), there is possibility of merely two out of the three to last in the resort area. If we look at the nucleus values of Tata Motors, we find that they are committed to present quality in life of clients and they have demonstrated through the successful launch of Tata Nano that their nucleus strategic capableness remainders in graduated table of operations ensuing in cost efficiency. Besides harmonizing to Brockbank ( 2002 ), Tata ‘s leading development will reflect its attending towards enriching value add-on in its human resource schemes. Tata Motors Business Model Osterwalder et Al. ( 2005 ) have defined a concern theoretical account as a conceptual instrument or model made up of a wide group of entities and relationships bing between them through which an organisation expresses its principle of transporting out concern activities in certain ways. It describes the value system of an organisation covering several sections of clients and of the organisation architecture and its web system dwelling of spouses and clients to bring forth profitable grosss in the long tally. Career Development through International Mobility EssayHarmonizing to Chen A ; Huang ( 2007 ), the organisational design impacts and is impacted by the type of interactions, information exchange and knowledge direction. Tata Motors encourages relationships at both formal and informal degrees through planing level organisational constructions at different divisional units. Sing the span of control a level organisational construction benefits Tata Motors because it has some really experient squad of leaders who can supply a strategic way to the direction working under their supervising ( See Appendix 7 for cardinal participants in Tata Motors Ltd ). The organisation is focused towards accomplishing the ends and visions set by Mr. Ratan Tata, therefore there is a seeable demand for liberty which is good supported by a flatter construction. Lesser degrees in the organisation construction provide a better platform for invention and customization of merchandises. Associating Organizational Culture with Organizational Culture and Scheme An identical characteristic of organisational construction is the flow of information ; the employees follow a formalistic form of describing. Tata Motors follows a codification of behavior that helps in make up one’s minding on and delegating duties to advance group working. One of the biggest benefit of such a construction is the handiness of top direction to the center and lower direction degree employees. This is highly critical in constructing a civilization that is positive and productive. Tata Motors Ltd links all its functional sections through Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ). It promotes easy sharing of of import information between its different sections. The assorted divisions and sections are interconnected through intranet ; therefore advancing instant information sharing among the employees and direction. This is particularly helpful in maintaining the organisation ‘s human resources connected at every degree. The current focal point of Tata Motors is on revolutionising the auto concern. This means the strategic focal point in on innovating and developing the domestic and international market. The two recent illustrations back uping the principle are the launch of Tata ‘s universe ‘s cheapest car- NANO and acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover trade names ( JLR ). During the stage of Nano development and launch the whole organisation took it as their personal accomplishment. All these factors are beef uping the organisation ‘s civilization along with its organisational design by implementing the right concern scheme. Organizational Culture ( 500 ) The employees at different degrees of the organisation ( lower, in-between and top ) are cognizant of organisation ‘s every scene and action embedded in the elements of civilization ; therefore the manner an organisation manages is unwittingly judged by its human resources which influences their behavior towards their ain and organisation ‘s aims Nadi ( 2008 ). Whether an organisation will successfully implement its scheme and accomplish the set ends is extremely dependent on the civilization within it. It is highly critical for an organisation to develop the right sort of cultural scenes within which its work force operates, learns, develops and demonstrates. Culture can be understood as the integrating of organisation ‘s beliefs, norms patterns and organisational behavior. It besides links the organisation ‘s schemes, engineerings and merchandises ( Kefela, 2010 ). The organisations which focus extensively on bettering quality through Total Quality Management, such as Tata Motors Ltd find that the premiss of pull offing quality ( TATA Motors Ltd managed its quality through TQMS ) can be specifying force behind civilization alteration and betterment ( Chaudron, 1992 ). The civilization in one organisation can be really different from another depending on the corporate scheme and what is to be achieved. Cultural development is besides an indispensable facilitator of leading development ( Bal and Quinn, 2001 ). Tata Motors works towards developing leaders maintaining in position the context and civilization in which they are developed. Organizational civilization is the backgrounds in which leaders are developed the leaders are developed and is hence imperative towards developing a competitory and sustainable leading across organisation. Surveies by Collins and Poras ( 1994 ) found out the strong linkage bing between organisational civilization and the public presentation of its employees which is indirectly linked with client satisfaction. Elementss of Organizational Culture at Tata Motors Ltd The organisational civilization of Tata Motors is apprehensible as the â€Å" task civilization †. Tata Motors believes in supplying complete client satisfaction and follows rigorous safety related steps and guidelines. To supply a rich client service experience it undertakes effectual and efficient networking of gross revenues and service networking. It performs in Concord with its client demands and expected degrees of public presentation and service. It besides adapts itself to the assorted rival schemes and approaching regulations and ordinances. Thus the civilization within the organisation is focused on covering dynamic and ambitious forces of concern environment and is really good complemented by its matrix and level organisation construction. The Task Environment Beginning: Own Creation Tata Motors strongly believes in the fact that â€Å" all the difference is made by the people †. For implementing the construct in world it makes a batch of investing in developing its people possible by the methods of engagement, authorization, preparation and development, larning chances. Thus the organisational civilization of Tata Motors can be best understood as one which provides infinite for uninterrupted betterment for its human resources. The directors need non worry about the everyday jobs every bit much as they need to concentrate on truly bettering the quality of work and technological and societal progresss. The civilization at Tata Motors can be best described as delegation-oriented and empowerment-focused. It is a civilization which recognizes people, groups and squads for their personal and organisational accomplishments. Tata Motors Ltd has ever given important importance to developing an organisational civilization wherein invention is encouraged. The employees are continuously encouraged to follow advanced patterns. With this consequence, TATA Motors Ltd has assorted technological and choice betterment related plans. Although its chief focal point remainders on the Indian automotive market, it has been hammering in the international markets in recent times. It is spread outing its concern profile in emerging markets like Hong Kong, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, etc. This poses challenges for Tata Motors to suit its civilization in these states with its corporate civilization. It is critical to take the right concern theoretical account with cultural values and beliefs that are consistent with its overall corporate scheme. It is besides spread outing its operations in states in Britain, Italy and Spain. Tata Motors has ever been endeavoring to achieve technological excellence it its concern procedures and operations. Therefore the Research and Development section is invariably working towards accomplishing excellence. It is puting on large graduated table in research and green engineering reflecting committedness towards ecological impacts of automotive industry. Tata Motors possesses strong belief in helping the cause of nature and clime control ; its attempts for invention in the field of technology and engineering are aimed at developing alternate fuels. It has besides made CO2 emanation norms- EURO compulsory in many of its vehicles. The organisational civilization of Tata Motors makes it indispensable to develop its leading potency and impact while keeping its original values which aim to better the people ‘s quality of life. It is every bit committed to the cause of societal development which is seeable in its Corporate Social Responsibility through which it helps the under privileged subdivisions of rural and urban society. Management and Leadership ( 600 ) The group president Ratan Tata is responsible for transforming Tata Motors Ltd. into a Group scheme think concerns. His vision of doing a truly international company brought in a foreign CEO. As per one of the paper there is no such ideal leader instead one evolves as an ideal leader with experience. Initially he assumed to be one of the best in the universe. He is presently portion of 203 board members in 20 different organisations across 23 different industries.

Letter free essay sample

Dear Nissim Mordehay, I can only imagine of what the painful and terrible things you have been through. There are so many questions that run through my head, but so little time to consider answering them all. Now I understand that you were born January 8, 1932 in Thtiman, Bulgaria. You were also the son of Mina and Behor Mordehay, and you were nine years of age during the hohcaust, when Bulgaria allied its self with Germany. You also had a younger sister named Lida,she was 5 years old. I also read that your family had owned a very large store that sold textiles and clothing. This building was so large that you and your family hat to give the first floor to the police deparment, which the town jail was in the basement. Your family was surrounded by non-jews but very wellknown and respect ed by them. There. was a law by Adolf Hitler passed by the goverenment for all jews to wear the yellow star . We will write a custom essay sample on Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But from what I read , you and your sister did not have to wear the yellow star because, you and your sister were under age. There is a quetion I would like to ask, how did you feel when knowing that other childeren had lost their parents to Adolf Hitler, did at least one thought of you loosing your parents ever cross your mind? Did you ever tell your mom or dad that your cusinswere literally tororing you and your little sister lida for being able to attend a public school? Did you ever feel isolated from the world , when you were told you would not be seeing your former friends at school anymore? There was a n intersting part in your lifestory that I loved. IT was about how the of Bulgaria actually fighting in behave of the 20,000 jews who ordered by Hitler to be sent to concentration camps in poland, in the year 1943. By January 1944, massive allied boming of Bulgaria began. But The Jews Of Old, Bulgaria were saved due to the courageous defince of the King Of Bulgaria and his peop le. I believe that you are extremly fortunate to be able to live and survive that horrible and terrifing event. You must be filled with great joy and happyness. Knowing that you lived in a country that was able to protect you and your beloved family!!

Asia is Orientalized essays

Asia is Orientalized essays Images of different kinds of Asian Culture are all around us in the United States. They can be found in restaurants, in newspapers, in magazines, on the internet, and on television. All of these images reflect a typical Americans view of all people that live in Asia. The most common images that we see in the media are not an accurate reflection of what modern-day Asia really is. Many of the images make us perceive Asia as backward, traditional, and inferior to us. This is how Asia is orietalized. These images circulated by Americans serve the purpose of making us feel that we are superior to Asian culture and lifestyle. The first example of orientalism that I found is a picture of a small, male child. He is dressed in a long gown that is decorated in a traditional Chinese design and wearing a hat. Refer to Appendix A. I found this picture on the internet on a web page designed for children to inform them of the Chinese New Year. This picture gives the perception that all Children in China dress this way. The boy in this picture looks very simple and plain. In no way does this icon make China look like a very industrialized and technologically advanced country. In this example an American selected this image to portray Asia as an uncivilized nation that is not as advanced as America is. This image is very misleading. Since this web site is a child based web site, this is a prime example of how orientalism is started early in our country. Little children in America see these images and assume this is how people in China dress on a daily basis. They see these images and that imply that Asia is not a country as good as ours or that it is some exotic place, and they believe it. The second illustration that I came across is a photograph taken of two young female girls. They are Japanese. Both are dressed in very traditional Japanese clothing (robes, sandals, head pieces). They have their hair done up o...

American old film class Gone with the Wind and Red River Essay

American old film class Gone with the Wind and Red River - Essay Example But when we go through the actual history, we could realize that the slave trade was a peak cause for the out burst of the civil war, and also we could understand the slave trade and the treatment of slaves, the minimal or zero freedom given to them even to make decision in their daily activities etc. This aspect seems to be missing in this film, though the term ‘darkies† has been referred to the black slave characters who appear in the screen, is one of the influences of the history and the sentiments of the civil war. The photography of the Old South, the plantations of the Tara, where the heroine wants to take refugee with her family, is all resemblances of the Civil War period. But then the cinematic effect could be identified as aloof from reality. The character of Mammy, one of the happiest of black slaves is found out to be an exceptional slave, as she seems to be a very happy person, utilizing the full freedom in her household. This aspect, as mentioned above deviates from the historical notion or the Civil War notion of how a salve was treated during that time. Freedom was a constraint for the slaves during the Civil war time. Coming to the Red River, the cattle herding, which was found out to be the most profitable income for the cowboys and which also gave a good recognition for the cowboys during the time when Chisholm Trial was opened. This event was also taken place during the time of Civil War. On the whole both the movies were centered on the years 1850-1870. The location, Texas, where the film was shoot is yet another point for the success of this movie. But coming to the point of cattle herds that were driven through the trial, is becomes quiet doubtful whether the cattle herds shown in the movie driven by Dunstan really bring out an accurate picture or effect of the original historical incident. Because it has been recorded in many history books that there were thousands and

Managing Rental Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Rental Property - Essay Example Property management is an uphill task, may it be rental, commercial or residential. There are different professional agencies that can do the management task for the owners but the choice of opting for professional help or taking the responsibility on your own is purely individual. There are definitely certain advantages of seeking help from the agencies as it makes various tasks hassle free but it has its own limitations like the increased expenses. Many dreams and expectations are set while buying a property. It is a very important investment and when handled properly, land can yield good profits for the owner. Having one home for personal use, if a family is able to buy another one or a commercial land, it can earn huge rental income and facilitate the owners pay their own mortgage and save the rest for the home. Rent can be an added income for the family. But any problems with the tenants like non- payment of the regular rent, the same property can prove to be an extra burden on the finances of the family. It can turn disastrous for the economic balance of the owner and result in a stressful life instead of easing out the burden. So proper property management and planning for all the risks beforehand is very important, may it be on personal or professional front (Washington "What It Takes To Be A Landlord - managing rental properties | Black Enterprise |

The Law of Redundancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Law of Redundancy - Essay Example Redundancy on the basis of gender, age, and the other elements are classifiable as unfair dismissal. Employers use a number of fair and objective ways to select employees for redundancy, which include last in, first out basis, use of disciplinary records, and self-selection by asking for volunteers and markings of staff appraisal, for instance, experience, qualifications, and skills. In addition, employees are allowed to select employees for redundancy if the employees’ jobs no longer exist. In such an instance, the employer can make employees redundant without necessarily following the selection process (Curtis & McMullen 1997, p. 154). When an employee is dismissed from work by reason of redundancy, the employee is legally entitled to a statutory payment for redundancy from the employer. If the employer (Wolsey Engineering Ltd) fails to pay, the employee can claim the statutory redundancy payment through an Employment Tribunal (Duggan 2012, p. 67). The entire redundancy proc ess should be impartial, consisting of, among others, consultation, redundancy payment and notice periods.   Notice periods are crucial to ensure dismissal legality. Notice periods are given prior to the termination of employment. Employment laws require employers to give a notice period of at least one week for those employed between one month and two years, one week’s notice for each year if the employee worked between two and 12 years and 12 weeks’ notice for those employed for 12 years or more (Income Data Service (IDS) 2008, p. 57). In addition to statutory payment for redundancy, employers should pay a notice payment by either paying the redundant employees through their notice periods or pay in lieu of notice. In the latter instance, notice payments must be equal to the to the employees’ basic pay plus whatever amount they would have earned during the notice period (Marsh & Soulsby 2002, p. 74). Employees made redundant are entitled to appropriate periods of consultation with the employer. Such consultation includes speaking to employees regarding the reasons for their redundancy and available alternatives to redundancy (McMullen 2011, p. 91). Employees are permissible to claim to an employment tribunal if the employer fails to consult effectively, for instance, if the employers start late or fail to consult altogether. Collective redundancies of at least 20 employees require consultation between the employer and an employee representative. There is no definite limit to the length of consultation although minimum lengths are in place for more than 20 redundancies (Mellahi & Wilkinson 2004, p. 251). In essence, in order to ascertain legality, the employer should consider plausible alternative employment for all employees prior to declaring the redundant.

Investigation of Tensile Strength

Investigation of Tensile Strength Direct tension is another method to categorize fatigue cracking. In this test procedure, tensile strength is measured in terms of tensile stress and tensile strain. Tensile stress is basically the resistance to fracture damage and tensile strain at maximum load is the ductility potential. In this testing procedure uniaxial tension is applied on the specimen. A cylindrical specimen is required having a 4 inch (100 mm) diameter and 6 inch (150 mm) or 4 inch (100 mm) height.(Walubita et al., 2011). The load is usually monotonically increasing at loading rate is 0.05 in./min (1.3 mm/min) at 77 °F . (Walubita et al., 2005). For direct tension test specimen were compacted in the Superpave Gyratory Compactor having the mold height of 6.9 in (175 mm) in and a diameter of 5.9 in (150 mm) diameter. Sample is then put for curing for 24 hours and after that, it needs to be glued to the testing device carefully before running the test. Load, vertical displacement, and time, these are the t hree data that is obtained from the test.    For the DT test the tensile stress can be computed as à Ã†â€™t= P/(à Ã¢â€š ¬r2)=P/à Ã¢â€š ¬D2/4 Where à Ã†â€™t=Minimum tensile stress; p=load; r=specimen radius D= specimen diameter (Dissertation Walubita, 2006) And the tensile strain at maximum axial load can be computed as ÃŽÂ µt=10^6v/h ; ÃŽÂ µt=average axial tensile strain, V= average axial specimen deformation h= specimen height. This way, HMA stiffness can be obtained as St= à Ã†â€™t/ÃŽÂ µt, where St=Youngs Modulus (Stiffness); à Ã†â€™t= Tensile stress (Maximum) ÃŽÂ µt= Tensile strain at maximum axial load. (Walubita et al., 2005), suggested à Ã†â€™t>=65 psi ÃŽÂ µt= (Lytton, 2012) discussed about the procedure of testing field cores for direct tension. After getting the rectangular sample form the cylindrical field core, having length of 4 inch (102mm) and width of 3 inch (76 mm) and thickness of 1.5-3 inch (38-76 mm). As a steel cap is needed to be glued to the each specimen end, the authors used a special gluing jig to keep the specimen centrally aligned with the cap. In total six LVDTs were attached to measure the vertical and horizontal displacement at top, bottom and center layers. The authors run the test in different temperatures (10 °C 20  °C) in electro hydraulic servo machine (MTS) with a feedback frequency of 2Hz (done in an old machine) 20Hz (done in a new machine). Figure 2: Test setup with LVDT arrangement ((Lytton, 2012) References: Dissertation, A., Walubita, L. F. (2006). Comparison of Fatigue Analysis Approaches for Predicting Fatigue Lives of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete ( Hmac ) Mixtures Comparison of Fatigue Analysis Approaches for Predicting Fatigue Lives of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete ( Hmac ) Mixtures. Analysis, (May). Lytton, R. (2012). Analytical-Numerical Methodology To Measure Undamaged , Fracture and Healing Properties of Asphalt Mixtures, (December). Walubita, L. F., Jamison, B. P., Das, G., Scullion, T., Martin, A. E., Rand, D., Mikhail, M. (2011). Search for a Laboratory Test to Evaluate Crack Resistance of Hot-Mix Asphalt. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2210(1), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.3141/2210-08 Walubita, L. F., Martin, A. E., Jung, S. H., Glover, C. J., Chowdhury, A., Park, E. S., Lytton, R. L. (2005). Project Title: Evaluate the Fatigue Resistance of Rut Resistance Mixes . URLà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4468-1.pdf. Security, 7(2). Wen, H., Investigation of Effects of Testing Methods on Characterization of Asphalt Concrete, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 1-7, 2003.

Quality Education Endangered :: School Learning Essays

Quality Education Endangered Education today is leaving students ignorant while overworking them to the point that they have little free time to relax and have fun. Teachers are not teaching their students some of the basic knowledge of the subjects and instead are assigning considerable amounts of homework to the students in an attempt to educate them through repetition. I do believe that homework is necessary to reinforce lessons, but the massive amount we are receiving is going too far, especially considering students are still graduating without the education they need to continue to a higher level of schooling. In actuality the lesson they are receiving is how to handle being overworked. If a student joins even one activity or takes on a part time job, their lives become a balancing act. Time becomes priceless and must be used wisely in order to come out on top of it all. With the amount of effort a students puts into their education in grade school they should at least being getting enough out of it to smo othly move on to their next step in life. America is the home of famous colleges like Harvard and yet American college students have to work extra hard to get a good educational experience. College freshman in California are a perfect example of this. "Between 70 and 90 percent of all students entering the California State University system have to take some form of remedial course work in basic subjects like English and math" (Jennings 305). These students are starting out their college years behind where they are supposed to be so they will have enough knowledge of basic courses to be able to succeed in college level classes. In essence, students are paying money and spending extra time to learn exactly what they are supposed to have already learned from their public education. Everyone knows how hard it is to get out of a four year college in four years today and remedial course are a source of the blame. IUP, for example, has a full course list for the students to complete to get their degree with minimal free elective c redits to accommodate the extra classes. Remedial classes also take up the space designed to allow for a minor if the students should desire to receive the extra education. It is no wonder that so many students are now be referred to as super seniors.

Asian Art Essay

Folk arts in Azerbaijan have a long and interesting history. Works of art made from metal extracted from Nakhichevan, Migachevir, Gadanay, Gandja and other places are approximately 5000 years old. Crockery, weapons and adornments found here are not historical facts alone, but valuable sources which testify the skills of the master. Different pictures, scraped on housing implements made from copper, bronze, gold and adornments, prove existence of fine art in Azerbaijan since ancient times. Carpets were made by several separate carpet-making schools of Azerbaijan (Guba, Baku, Shirvan, Gandja, Gazakh, Nagorny Karabakh, Tabriz) in different periods. Bhutanese art Bhutanese art is similar to the art of Tibet. Both are based upon Vajrayana Buddhism, with its pantheon of divine beings. The major orders of Buddhism in Bhutan are Drukpa Kagyu and Nyingma. The former is a branch of the Kagyu School and is known for paintings documenting the lineage of Buddhist masters and the 70 Je Khenpo (leaders of the Bhutanese monastic establishment). The Nyingma order is known for images of Padmasambhava, who is credited with introducing Buddhism into Bhutan in the 7th century. According to legend, Padmasambhava hid sacred treasures for future Buddhist masters, especially Pema Lingpa, to find. The treasure finders (terton) are also frequent subjects of Nyingma art. Each divine being is assigned special shapes, colors, and/or identifying objects, such as lotus, conch-shell, thunderbolt, and begging bowl. All sacred images are made to exact specifications that have remained remarkably unchanged for centuries. Bhutanese art is particularly rich in bronzes of different kinds that are collectively known by the name Kham-so (made in Kham) even though they are made in Bhutan, because the technique of making them was originally imported from the eastern province of Tibet called Kham. Wall paintings and sculptures, in these regions, are formulated on the principal ageless ideals of Buddhist art forms. Even though their emphasis on detail is derived from Tibetan models, their origins can be discerned easily, despite the profusely embroidered garments and glittering ornaments with which these figures are lavishly covered. In the grotesque world of demons, the artists apparently had a greater freedom of action than when modeling images of divine beings. Buddhist art Buddhist art originated on the Indian subcontinent following the historical life of Siddhartha Gautama, 6th to 5th century BC, and thereafter evolved by contact with other cultures as it spread throughout Asia and the world. Buddhist art followed believers as the dharma spread, adapted, and evolved in each new host country. It developed to the north through Central Asia and into Eastern Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, and to the east as far as Southeast Asia to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art. In India, Buddhist art flourished and even influenced the development of Hindu art, until Buddhism nearly disappeared in India around the 10th century due in part to the vigorous expansion of Islam alongside Hinduism. Burmese contemporary art Burma (Myanmar) is a country in Southeast Asia which has endured isolation for the last four decades. It is also a country with deep rooted Buddhist beliefs. The contemporary art scene in the country reflects these facts, and the art is often related to Buddhism and the difficult socio-political situation. In this age of globalization, Burmese contemporary art has developed rather on its own terms. Chinese Art Chinese art has varied throughout its ancient history, divided into periods by the ruling dynasties of China and changing technology. Great philosophers, teachers, religious figures and even political leaders have influenced different forms of art. Chinese art encompasses fine arts, folk arts and performance arts. Eastern Art Eastern art history is devoted to the arts of the Far East and includes a vast range of influences from various cultures and religions. The emphasis is on art history amongst many diverse cultures in Asia. Developments in Eastern art historically parallel those in Western art, in general a few centuries earlier. African art, Islamic art, Indian art, Chinese art, and Japanese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, vice-versa. Indian art Indian Art is the art produced on the Indian subcontinent from about the 3rd millennium BC to modern times. To viewers schooled in the Western tradition, Indian art may seem overly ornate and sensuous; appreciation of its refinement comes only gradually, as a rule. Voluptuous feeling is given unusually free expression in Indian culture. A strong sense of design is also characteristic of Indian art and can be observed in its modern as well as in its traditional forms. Persian art The Iranian cultural region – consisting of the modern nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and surrounding regions – is home to one of the richest art heritages in world history and encompasses many disciplines including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and stone masonry.

Before Obamacare, the National Health Insurance Plan

Before Obamacare, the National Health Insurance Plan Introduction In 2009, President Barack Obama unveiled his proposal for a plan intended to reduce the soaring costs of healthcare by providing all Americans with health insurance. The plan, titled Healthcare America at the time, would eventually be passed by Congress as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The following article, published in 2009, outlines President Obama’s original vision for what we now know as â€Å"Obamacare.† Key Takeaways: Original Obamacare What became â€Å"Obamacare† was called Healthcare America when first proposed by President Barack Obama in January 2009.The plan was intended to lower the nation’s healthcare costs by providing all Americans with health insurance.Under Healthcare America, all U.S. residents not covered by Medicare or an employer-provided plan would be allowed to buy insurance at lower rates through a government-run Health Care for America program.All U.S. employers would be required to provide their employees with insurance coverage or pay an additional tax to help pay for Healthcare America.Maximum monthly health insurance premiums paid under Health Care for America were to range from $70 for an individual to $140 for a couple.Healthcare America was greatly modified and eventually enacted as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010 Obamacare as Envisioned in 2009 A national health insurance plan, administered by the federal government as an alternative to private health insurance, will probably be proposed this year by President Obama. Despite the massive cost of a universal health insurance plan, estimated at up to $2 trillion over 10 years, support for the plan is growing in Congress. Obama, and Democratic congressional leaders argue that by reducing health care costs, a universal health insurance plan would actually help reduce the national deficit. Opponents argue that the savings, though real, would have only a minor impact on the deficit. While the politics and pros and cons of nationalized health care have been debated for years, the national health insurance element of President Obama’s overall health care reform agenda appears to have a good chance of happening. So far, the framework of Obama’s national health insurance plan is best described in Jacob Hacker’s â€Å"Health Care for America† plan. The Goal: Health Insurance for Everyone As described by Jacob Hacker of the Economic Policy Institute, the national health insurance plan – â€Å"Health Care for America† – attempts to provide affordable health insurance to all non-elderly Americans through a combination of a new Medicare-like program provided by the government and existing employer-provided health plans. Under Health Care for America, every legal resident of the U.S. who is not covered by either Medicare or an employer-provided plan could purchase coverage through Health Care for America. As it currently does for Medicare, the federal government would bargain for lower prices and upgraded care for every Health Care for America enrollee. All Health Care for America enrollees could choose coverage under the affordable Medicare-like plan offering them free choice of medical providers or a selection of more expensive, comprehensive private health insurance plans. To help pay for the plan, all U.S. employers would be expected to either provide health coverage for their employees equal in quality to Health Care for America or pay a modest payroll-based tax to support Health Care for America and help their employees buy their own coverage. The process would be similar to how employers currently pay an unemployment tax to help fund state unemployment compensation programs. Self-employed persons could buy coverage under Health Care for America by paying the same payroll-based tax as employers. Persons not in the workplace could buy coverage by paying premiums based on their annual income. In addition, the federal government would offer the states incentives to enroll any remaining uninsured individuals in Health Care for America. Non-elderly beneficiaries of Medicare and S-CHIP (the State Childrens Health Insurance Program) would be automatically enrolled in the Health Care for America Plan, either through their employers or individually. In summary, supporters of the Health Care for America plan say it would provide the U.S. with universal health care coverage by: being available to any legal U.S. resident without good workplace coverage;requiring that employers (and the self-employed) either purchase coverage comparable to Health Care for America for all their workers or pay a relatively modest payroll contribution (6% of payroll) to fund Health Care for America coverage for all their employees; andrequiring that Americans who remain without insurance either purchase private coverage or buy into the Health Care for America Plan. For persons already covered by employer-provided health insurance, Health Care for America would virtually eliminate the suddenly very real threat of losing coverage because of layoffs. What Would the Plan Cover? According to its supporters, Health Care for America will provide comprehensive coverage. Along with all current Medicare benefits, the plan will cover mental health and maternal and child health. Unlike Medicare, Health Care for America will place limits on total annual out-of-pocket costs paid by enrollees. Drug coverage would be provided directly by Health Care for America, rather than by private health plans. Medicare would be modified to allow it to provide the elderly and disabled with the same direct drug coverage. In addition, preventive and well-child checkups would be provided to all beneficiaries at no out-of-pocket cost. How Much Will Coverage Cost? As proposed, the maximum monthly Health Care for America premium would be $70 for an individual, $140 for a couple, $130 for a single-parent family, and $200 for all other families. For those enrolled in the plan at their place of work, anyone whose income was below 200% of the poverty level (about $10,000 for an individual and $20,000 for a family of four ) would pay no additional premiums. The plan would also offer extensive, but so far unspecified, assistance to enrollees to help them afford coverage. Health Care for America coverage would be continuous and guaranteed. Once enrolled, individuals or families would remain covered unless they become covered by a qualified private insurance plan through their employer.

Top Road Test Tips Essay

Top Road Test Tips Essay Top Road Test Tips Essay Top Road Test Tips Many people fail their road test one, two, three, or even more times than that. I, personally, passed it on my second try by using very easy to remember tips from my Driver’s Education teacher, as well as tips from other sources and common sense as well. In here I will give you some ideas on how to pass the road test, so you can be worry free and get your license as soon as possible! These tips to pass your road test are - somewhat common sense to experienced drivers but to newer drivers, taking their road test for the first time, this may not be common sense after all. Practice Practice makes perfect, right? Even in the sense of a road test this statement holds true. From what I’ve seen, they don't usually make you go on very busy roads for your road test, so make sure to practice on side roads which are usually less busy. This is also safer since you're less prone to an accident overall due to less influx of traffic I the same area. However, you have to be careful on side roads as well since there are more children around who may walk into the street without thinking about what might happen. Stay Calm One big thing that the person judging whether you should get your license is to see is if you're calm behind the wheel. Don't be a white-knuckled nervous wreck! You should be observant, but not over-observant either, that may signal nervousness behind the wheel which may make you fail your road test. Before the judge steps into the car take a deep breath and remember everything that you have learned and practiced. Sometimes when people get nervous they also speed, this is bad, you do not want to be a road runner here. Stay at a nice, even speed throughout the entire road test session. The Start The prior information was stuff that happens before the actual driving. Staying calm is essential throughout the whole drive, do not forget that. In the beginning make sure your car is off before starting. If the car is on, this may sometime make the test failed automatically, or so I’ve heard. When the judge says it's ok, turn the car on. At the start you must pull away from the curb. Use your blinker when pulling away from the curb. Check your mirrors for other traffic that might be coming from your direction. If there is traffic coming, do not go and wait for that other car to pass. Do not go over the middle lines when pulling away from the curb, this shows you are in fact in control of the vehicle in which you are operating. The Middle The actual drive is the longest part. My drive was about 5-10 minutes. Check all signs including speed limit signs, stop signs, and so on. If there's a school zone around, make sure to go at that speed, or a little bit slower. Stop fully at all stop signs to ensure that you do not get penalized. No rolling through stop signs, and stop at the stop line if applicable. When at a stop sign it is ok to "creep" up after stopping fully at the stop line to see around a corner if there's something in the way of your vision (examples: a car, a tree, a sign, etc.). These are essential tips for passing your road test since they span throughout the whole road test itself. Listening is a big

A response to the reading. Please make a title for the paper Essay

A response to the reading. Please make a title for the paper - Essay Example The author then hints that his secret could be something about his wives who were all claimed by the lord to have died of some diseases. A reader might suspect that something is wrong with the deaths of the wives and the writer teases the imagination of his readers by using the latest wife to reveal what really happened to the wives before her. Similar to many tales, a test of character is represented in the story when the man lets his wife look after all his estate while he goes away for war. However, the husband does not simply leave everything under his wife’s care but gave her some instructions saying she may open all the rooms except for one. This eventually showed the lord’s secret and when he found out about what his wife did, the lord tried to kill his wife. The story ends with good prevailing over evil. The murderer was killed by the wife’s brothers who were extraordinary beings which is also a classic part of fairy tales. For modern readers, the tale ma y sound ridiculous but perhaps the emphasis of the narration is on the moral of the story rather than how the story would be presented in an interesting and more realistic manner. The story ends with the lesson the wife learned through her experience and seems to have been deliberately done so to make it stick in the minds of the

Presentation on Web-Based Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Presentation on Web-Based - Essay Example These functions are inevitable and their successful execution ensures the achievement of aims and objectives of every organization. Specific functional areas are given the responsibility of executing specific types of business processes within a Human Services Organization. The following purposes are narrated well by Teachmebusiness.co.uk (2011): Considering Customer services a web based example of a customer services software would be highlighted. The tasks involved in the Customer Services Functional Area can be summarized in tabular form as follows: An example of the functional area of customer services can be SugarCRM. CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. This is an integral functional area of every Human Services Organization as it involves all the customer related processes in it. Details of SuagrCRM are stated on the pages that follow. These CRM based information systems integrate the CRM related processes of a business environment and provide effective and productive linkage between a business environment and its customers. A leading present day commercial example of a CRM based management Information System is SUGAR CRM. SUGAR CRM is web based Open Source CRM software that has many Project Management Tools Embedded right into it. Gantt Charts and Other Add-ons are also available. Being open source means that modifications can be made within the software at almost all levels of it. Created by a California based company in the early years of 2000, it is an application that enables multi user login and contains excellent reporting provisions. Sugar CRM integrates best into the environment of just about any business. The OPEN nature of this software enables businesses to integrate this application package in accordance with the requirements of their business processes. Being labeled as OPEN the entire source code of the software is provided to the

Market Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market - Research Proposal Example This necessity also entails multiple other concepts of marketing that encompasses the techniques based on which the factors related to customer dissatisfaction are identified and apprehended in an effective manner (Pearson Education, Inc., 2010). In relation to the above context, the proposal will be mainly designed for gathering the viewpoints of the customers in determining their satisfaction level towards the purchase made in relation to the selected product of ‘Cornish pasty’. In this proposal, multiple outcomes that project the emergence of customer complaints concerning the above product from domestic as well as international levels will also be evaluated. If seen from a logical perspective, it can be stated that the rise within the compliant levels amid the customers towards the selected product might impose greater level of threat to the business process of the company involved in manufacturing the product in the business markets of the UK (Cornish Pasty Association, 2015). Thus, with this concern, an attempt has been made to explore the reasons as to why there has been an increase in the percentage of complaints associated with this specific food product and also determine the nature of the customers’ complaints. Considering the above stated aspects, the proposal will also lay utmost focus on accumulating customers’ feedback relating to taste, quality, price and design of the product. From a theoretical perspective, it can be affirmed that the decrease within the interest levels of the customers eventually minimises the scope of developing multiple other products of similar category and also the revenue attainment opportunity. Rest apart, another credential objective of preparing this proposal is to focus upon collecting credential information regarding the potential changes that the customers intend to see within this product. Further part of the proposal will mainly encompass preparing two specific types of

Luxury vehicle Essay Example for Free

Luxury vehicle Essay 1. Cadillac introduced it’s new luxury SUV that is called the Escalade, and they had no idea in what direction it would lead to. To their surprise, it becomes a instant classic and the most popular truck on the market. They weren’t set out to target a specific customer base, they just wanted to keep up with the SUV craze. They saw other companies putting out similar vehicles, so they wanted to dip into that market. Once it released, it seemed to become a staple in the hip hop community, sports world, and for regular customers looking for a luxury SUV. It became most prominent however in the hip hop and sports cultures. You see tons of athletes arriving to the games in their escalades, and a lot of hip hop artists have them featured in their music videos. For some reason, it just excelled in the market, and there is really no particular reason for it. It could be because of how unique it looks, the luxurious features, or just off the time it was released. The music and sports industry started to boom so there was a lot of money to be spent and the Escalade was the newest and hottest item on the street. 2. The Escalade became so popular I believe for the power it represents. I feel that if you own a Escalade, you have a sense of power in a way. Whether it shows that you have money, a sense of style, or anything else, it just brings off a certain type of vibe. It shows some type of boldness as well, because you think of personality when you think of an Escalade. When you look at one, you notice first how the shiny grill stands out and just how luxurious the car is. I think in a way Cadillac has extended its appeal because now a lot of the Cadillacs feature the shiny grill. You also see its influence on other vehicles, because a lot of competitors base their models off of it and try to make some similarities. 3. Other companies have a lot to learn from the Escalade. If they do it right, maybe they can become the leader in luxury SUVs. It’s all about whom you have to endorse your product and how you market it out to the public. Cadillac know it has many endorsers that are famous and widely known throughout the world. When you have people of that magnitude openly using your products, you gain a tremendous amount of recognition. Also, before you come up with a new concept or design, you should allow potential customers to see the product to see if it would be something they would like. If you market your product correctly, there is a good chance that it will be successful just like the Cadillac Escalade. Case Study Cadillac is one of the most popular vehicle brands in the United States to this date. As Americans, we tend to treat it differently because it is the luxury brand of our Country. Since it is an American made car, we take a sense of pride in it, and owning one is something special. In 1998 there started to be a craze for mid size SUVs, and just like every other vehicle company, Cadillac had some thoughts in mind. They released their brand new line of the Cadillac Escalade, a large luxurious SUV. When they originally released it, they felt that their market would be traditional customers, but boy, where they wrong. In fact, it was the complete opposite. The Escalade seemed to become nationally recognized when it was constantly featured in hip hop videos, commercials, and the sports industry. While Cadillac didn’t intend to get into those specific markets, I’m sure they aren’t complaining because of how much recognition it gave them. However, it does seem to brush off a certain bad image when you see it featured in some of those ways. When you see a Escalade in a hip hop video that has drugs, half naked women, and curse words, it may rub some of your other customers off. It can be seen as a gang car, and you certainly don’t want to be driving one of those in certain areas. A regular family can be in the market for a SUV, but they may get a negative vibe from the Escalade because it may come off as being too â€Å"hood† or â€Å"ghetto† for them. I’m not too sure how a car can gain that characteristic, but I understand by it being featured and abused in certain ways, it can portray a negative image. Cadillac can feature their products in certain ways, and be able to be seen as a positive vehicle that is made for everybody. They can limit their exposure in hip hop videos if they feel that is necessary. When you see certain commercials you notice that the brand symbol is blurred out. If Cadillac saw this as a dilemma, they can gain access to have their emblems blurred out in rap videos that feature bad behavior. They can still gain national recognition by more of a formal type of commercial. This way, you do not offend any particular race, and show that the vehicle is suitable for people of all ages, color, and race. Cadillac has become on of the mot powerful and influential car brand, that I feel they don’t need to do too much to market themselves. They already have a tremendously large market.

Electronic Commerce Essay -- Ecommerce E-commerce

Electronic commerce   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the fastest growing industries today is electronic commerce. Almost anything can be purchased, traded, or sold all via the Internet. A person sitting in their living room dressed in pajamas on a rainy Saturday morning in mid December can hookup to the internet and place their bid on a new chess set for the holidays without ever setting foot in the department stores. They can pay for it with their credit card through a secure transaction and have it delivered right to their door in a couple of days for less than they could get it retail. An article by Jan Thomas said that the electronic commerce industry is booming and that it has grown at an alarming rate of over 2000 percent since last year. She continued to say that she predicts that it will continue to grow at an even faster rate, as more and more products become available online and that knowledge of Internet commerce is really happening. (34)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major reasons that this industry is booming is because purchasing over the Internet has been made very easy compared to the traditional way of shopping. Ordinarily a consumer will take the kids and pile in the family car and head to the local shopping mall. Once they get there they will find what they are looking for only to be told by the rude, pushy sales person that it is out of stock. After they get pushed into something other than what they came for they will wait in a line similar to that of Space Mountain at Disney World....

Financial Statement Analysis Essay

I. INTRODUCTION Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent, to assist in investment and financial decision-making. Moreover, it is also the process of identifying financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing relationship between the items of the balance sheet and profit and loss accounts. When looking a specific company, the financial analyst will often focus on the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flows statement. One of the most common ways of analyzing financial data is to calculate ratios from the data to compare against those of other companies or against the company’s own historical performance. For example, return on assets is a common ratio used to determine how efficient a company is at using its assets and as a measure of profitability. This ratio could be calculated for several similar companies and compared as part of a larger analysis. Financial analysis converts raw information of financial statements in useful financial information. Only after financial analysis, we can use financial statements for decision making. This financial information is useful for planning for example; we can estimate our future ability of earning on advertising if we did financial analysis of our advertising expenses with direct return on the investment in advertising. Like this, we can do financial analysis of each and every item of profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flow statement. II. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze the financial statement of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc and Far Eastern University for the periods of 2007 to 2011 using financial statement analysis. This analysis are to apprehend the information contained in financial statements with a view to know the weaknesses and strengths of the firm and to make a forecast about the future prospects of the firm thereby, enabling the analysts to take decisions regarding the operation of, and further investment in, the firm. To be more specific, the analysis is undertaken to serve the following purposes (objectives): * Assessment of Past Performance. Past performance is a good indicator of future performance. * Assessment of current position. Financial statement analysis shows the current position of the firm in terms of the types of assets owned by a business firm and the different liabilities due against the enterprise. * Prediction of profitability and growth prospects. Financial statement analysis helps in assessing and predicting the earning prospects and growth rates in earning which are used by investors while comparing investment alternatives and other users in judging earning potential of business enterprise. * Prediction of bankruptcy and failure. Financial statement analysis is an important tool in assessing and predicting bankruptcy and probability of business failure. * Assessment of the operational efficiency. Financial statement analysis helps to assess the operational efficiency of the management of a company. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. (DYCI) started as a non-sectarian secondary institution. It was established in 1950 as the Francisco Balagtas Academy (FBA). In 1987, the name of the institution was changed to Dr. Yanga’s Francisco Balagtas Colleges (DYFBC). Through the years, the school has been an integral part in the formation of many young men and women of Bulacan, metamorphosing into successful practitioners in their various fields of interest. In 2001, the name of the institution was changed again and became Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. (formerly Dr. Yanga’s Francisco Balagtas Colleges, Inc.) was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 2001, primarily to own, operate, maintain, or otherwise administer a school or colleges of any nationality providing therein education in different courses. Far Eastern University.The Far Eastern University, Incorporated (the University or FEU) is a domestic educational institution founded in June 1928 and was registered and incorporated with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on October 27, 1933. On October 27, 1983, the University extended its corporate life for another 50 years. The University became a listed corporation in the Philippine Stock Exchange on July 11, 1986. The University is a private, non-sectarian institution of learning comprising the following different institutes that offer specific courses, namely, Institute of Arts and Sciences; Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance; Institute of Education; Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts; Institute of Nursing; Institute of Engineering; Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management; Institute of Law; and Institute of Graduate Studies (PSE website). In November 2009, FEU entered into a Joint Venture (JV) Agreement to establish a joint venture company (JVC) for culinary arts. The registration of the JVC was approved by the SEC on May 7, 2010. In 2010, the University established the FEU Makati Campus (the Branch) in Makati City. The Branch started its operations in June 2010 (PSE website). III. FINDINGS/ANALYSIS FINANCIAL RATIOS Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a company’s financial statements the level and historical trends of these ratios can be used to make inferences about the company’s financial condition, its operation and attractiveness as an investment. There are four categories of ratio used in financial statement analysis. These are: (1) Liquidity Ratio(2)Activity Ratio(3)Leverage Ratio(4)Profitability Ratio This part of the study is organized the calculation and comparison of ratios of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. and Far Eastern University using the four categories of financial ratios. Specific ratios for each category are also presented and analyzed 1. Liquidity ratio. Which measure a firm’s ability to meet cash needs as they arise. * Current ratio. The current ratio indicates a company’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations. The current ratio measures whether or not a firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12 months. This ratio shows the current assets available to cover current liabilities at the balance sheet date. There should be a reasonable buffer of current assets over current liabilities as an indicator of the ability of the firm to pay its debts as and when they fall due. As presented, the current ratio of FEU is insignificantly increasing, which could mean more current assets may still be invested in other wealth-generating activities. This implies that FEU has to revisit its capital budgeting initiatives. As to the current ratio of DYCI is generally decreasing which has 4.36 in 2007 that reflects inefficient working capital management to 1.56 by 2011 which falls into a healthy mark of business current assets and liabilities that indicate both account are well functioning and helpful to the operation. * Quick or acid-test ratio. The quick ratio is a measure of a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations using its most liquid assets (near cash or quick assets). Quick assets include those current assets that presumably can be quickly converted to cash at close to their book values.As a supplement to current ratio, quick or acid-test ratio aims to show the more liquid current assets available to pay the more immediately payable liabilities. With reference to current assets, FEU has its quick asset for the year 2010 of 2.26 and 1.92 for the year of 2011. The acid test ratio of FEU is steadily decreasing from 2007 to 2011 which could be interpreted as a deterioration of liquidity.While quick ratio of DYCI is same as their current ratio decreases because the only current assets they have arecash and cash equivalent and trade receivables which are both included in the quick assets. DYCI is less liquid than their previous. * Working Capital to total assets. Working capital to total assets ratio is useful while evaluating the company’s level of liquidity. Working capital measures a company’s ability to cover its short term financial obligations by comparing its Total Current Assets to its Total Assets.FEU’s working capital to total assets shows that from 0.57 in 2007 has its increased up to 4.26 in 2011 which indicates a positive sign, showing that FEU’s liquidity is improving over time. While DYCI has decreased its working capital to total assets between years 2007 with 0.21 down to 0.08 in 2011 that indicates the company may have too many total current liabilities, reducing the amount of working capital available. * Cash-flow liquidity ratio. Cash-flow liquidity ratio measures how well a company can handle its Short Term Debt with its cash and other liquid assets. It seems like quick ratio of FEU has become inconsistent with considerable decline in the liquidity ratio. This just confirms the discussion presented in the current ratio portion that not all current assets of FEU fall under the immediately realizable current assets when needed to pay off maturing debts. In the financial ratio of DYCI the cash flow liquidity ratio is unstable where it goes from 2.44 in 2007 it went down to 1.72 by 2008 and escalate to 2.36 and 3.57 by 2009 & 2010 but drastically recede during 2011 to 2.71 it shows that DYCI can provide cash payment to its short term obligation. 1. Activity ratio. Which measure the liquidity of specific assets and efficiency of managing assets. * Trade Receivable turn-over. Trade Receivable turn-over measures how many times a company’s accounts receivable have been turnover into cash during the year.FEU’s converted trade receivables into cash 3.14 times in 2011, low from 20.17 in 2007. The turnover if receivable doesn’t improve which may indicate a not do good quality of receivable and no improvement of the firm’s collection and credit policies. While the DYCI has a 41.92 times in 2011, up from 26.09 times in 2007. The receivable has improved and this may indicate better quality of receivable and improvement of the firm’s collection and credit policies. Generally, a high turnover of DYCI is good because it could indicate efficiency in the collection of receivable, but a very high turnover may not be favorable because it may indicate that credit and collection policies are overly restrictive. * Average Collection Period. This helps evaluate the liquidity of accounts receivable, the ability of the firm to collect from the customers.The ratio for FEU, indicate that during 2011, the firm collected its accounts in 116 days on average. No improvement over the 18 days collection period in 2007. This is one of the main reasons why it has significantly higher current assets.While the DYCI’s financial ratio reflects that decreased their average collection turnover by 5 days from 14days in 2007 to 9days by 2011 which signifies that there’s an excellent credit term management and falls into outstanding receivables. Hence, cash is circulating wellalthough out the operations that generates revenue.FEU has the longest collection period. Whether the average of 18 days taken to collect an account is good or bad, it depends on the credit terms FEU is offering. * Working capital turn-over. Working capital turn-over measures how well a company is utilizing its working capital to support a given level of sales. FEU’s financial ratio shows that working capital turnover in 2007 with 2.04 down to 1.07 in 2011 indicates a decreasing ratio which is a low ratio that FEU is investing in too many accounts receivable to support its sales, which could eventually lead to an excessive amount of bad debts and obsolete inventory. On the other hand DYCI has a working capital turnover between year 2011 with 17.11 and 9.62 in 2007 that means a high, or increasing Working Capital Turnover is usually a positive sign, showing the company is better able to generate sales from its Working Capital. But an extremely high working capital turnover ratio can indicate that DYCI does not have enough capital to support it sales growth. This is a particularly strong indicator when the accounts payable component of working capital is very high, since it indicates that management cannot pay its b ills as they come due for payment. * Asset turn-over ratio. Asset turn-over ratio measures how efficiently a company’s assets generate revenue For FEU, the total asset turnover has decreased relative to the industry. As reflected in the financial ratio of asset turnover in 2007 with 0.58 times that there is no improvement primarily in 2011 with 0.49 times. Like DYCI also has no improvement on their asset turnover ratio like FEU. The year 2007 and 2011 the ratio is low from 1.41 down to 0.84. But similar to the previous financial ratio, as a rule of thumb, to be considered effective, it should be at least 0.30 times. Using this, it can be said that the two firms both FEU and DYCI keep an effective mechanism on utilizing their total assets. * Capital intensity ratio. Capital intensity ratio measure of a firm’s efficiency in deployment of its assets.As reflected on the financial ratio of FEU. The capital intensity in 2007 was 1.72 and has an improvement with 2.05 in 2011. So FEU’s capital intensity ratio is high, it is said to be capital intensive. Like DYCI also a high ratio in 2007 with 0.71 up to 1.19 in 2011. This means that both firms have to make a significant investment in assets relative to the amount of sales revenue those assets can produce. Hence, FEU is more capital intensive than DYCI 1. Leverage ratio. Which measures the extent of a firm’s financing with debt relative to equity and its ability to cover interest and other fixed charges. * Debt ratio. Debt ratio measures the proportion of all assets that are financed with debt.Total debt includes all current liabilities and long term debt. Creditors prefer low ratios because the lower the ratio, the greater the cushion against losses in the event of liquidation. As presented, in 2007 with a 0.15 down to 0.12 in 2011 it seems like FEU will be highly favored because they have the lowest ratio and lower the risk. On the other hand DYCI will also be highly favoredbecause of its 0.89 in 2007 up to 0.91 in 2011. They both have the lowest ratio and indicate lower the risk because they didn’t have reached the generally considered maximum ratio of 50%. To much debt would pose difficulty in obtaining additional debt financing when needed or that credit is available only at extremely high rates of interest and most onerous terms. * Debt to equity ratio. Debt to equity ratio measures the riskiness of the firm’s capital structure in terms of relationship between the funds supplied by the creditor and the investor.As reflected from the financial ratio of FEU. FEU’s debt to equity ratio has increased between 0.88 of 2011 and 0.85 0f 2007, implying a slightly riskier capital structure. On the other hand the financial ratio of DYCI’s debt to equity ratio decreases from 0.11 in 2007 and 0.9 in 2011 which implies a no risk capital structure. 1. Profitability ratio. Which measure the overall performance of a firm and its efficiency in managing assets, liabilities, and equity * Operating Profit Margin. A ratio used to measure a company’s pricing strategy and operating efficiency.FEU’s operating profit margin doesn’t have an improvement because of its 34% in 2007 down to 26% in 2011. This is unfavorable because it indicates the ability of the company that there is no control in operating expenses while sharply decreasing sale. Unlike the operating profit margin of DYCI is consistently in equal level which is 1% in 2007 until 2011 with 1% as well. * Cash Flow Margin. Cash flow margin is cash from operating activities as a percentage of sales in a given period.FEU’s cash flow margin between 0.32% in 2011 decreased from the operating margin of 0.43% in 2007. On the other hand the DYCI’s cash flow margin in 2011 of 0.21 was higher than the operating margin. This indicates a strong positive generation of cash. The performance in 2011 represent a solid and impressive improvement over 2005 which is -0.01 when the firm failed to generate cash from operations and had a negative cash floe margin. * Rate of Return on Assets (ROA). It gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings.This ratio measures efficiency with which assets are used to operate the firm. As a rule of thumb, a higher return on total assets is preferred since lower ROAmay mean higher degree of leveragetherefore higher interest expense and lower net income. Referring to financial ratio of FEU between 2011 from 2008 FEU consistently showed the highest ratio than DYCI with 1% in 2011. * Rate of Return on Equity. It gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. This ratio measures the rate of return on common shareholders’ investment. This is considered as the most important accounting ratio as this has something to do with the DuPont equation. As a rule of thumb, the higher the ROE, the better since low ROE but high ROA may mean that the firm is using greater debt. Reflected inthe financial ratio of FEU between the year 2007 to 2011 is inconsistently showed the highest ratio than DYCI with its low ratio of 7% in 2007. Summary of Financial Statements Analysis of FEU and DYCI Short-term liquidity and Activity Short-term liquidity and activity analysis is of particular significance to trade and short-term creditors, management and other parties concerned with the ability of a firm to meet near-term demand for cash. Both FEU and DYCI’s current and quick ratios are insignificantly decreasing indicating a deterioration of short-term liquidity. On the other hand the cash flow liquidity ratio of both firms doesn’t improved and has become inconsistent with considerable decline in the liquidity ratio. The average collection periods for accounts receivable of FEU doesn’t improved. There is no improvement that may be the result of poor day-to-day credit management or such temporary problem concerned by a depressed economy. While the DYCI decreased their average collection turnover by 5days which signifies that there is an excellent credit term management and falls into outstanding receivables. Presently, there appears to be no major problem in DYCI’s short-term liquidity position but FEU seems that there is a problem in average collection period that must have been improved. Long-term Solvency The debt ratios for FEU and DYCI shows a steady decreased in the use of borrowed funds. Total debt has decreased relative to total assets implying a slightly riskier capital structure. Given the decreased level of borrowing, the times earned and fixed charged coverage improved slightly in 2011. These ratio should however be monitored closely in the future particularly if the both firms continues to expand. Operating Efficiency and Profitability FEU and DYCI both decreased from 2007 to 2011 that means inefficient utilization or obsolescence of fixed assets. The assets turnover in 2011 of both firms also decreased implying that the company is not using its assets optimally and no progress traceable to improved management of receivables. Operating profit margin of FEU doesn’t have an improvement, unfavorable and manage to improve its operating margin in 2011 principally due to the ability of the firm that there is no control in operating expenses. Unlike DYCI that is in the stable level from 2007 to 2011. Referring to financial ratio of FEU and DYCI both firm increased considerably in 2011. These ratios measure the overall success of the both firm in generating profits from its investment and management strategies. Conclusion: It appears that Far Eastern University and Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. doesn’t have any major problems and is well proportioned for future growth but FEU must improve their average collection period. Close monitoring the firm’s management of receivables is important considering the size of the company’s capital tied up. The both firm should however be cautious of the increased risk associated with debt financing. IV. RECOMMENDATION The analysis of the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., financial statements shows that there is no consistent ratio on the increase of their comprehensive income unlike the Far Eastern University who maintains the increase of their profit. Therefore, it is advised that a stronger and more effective policy shall be developed and implemented regarding the ratio of the revenue and all expenses. When it comes to their cash every end of the year, Dr. Yanga’s improve better than FEU. For the past 5 years, FEU keeps on decreasing their cash on hand. It is observed and analyze that FEU’s cash on hand decrease, while their account receivables increase. So, the expected cash to be use in the entire year was still receivable that affects their accounting plans. It shows that FEU has a weak credit and collection policy, so it is advised to focus on those credit accounts, and also in accepting creditors and promissory notes. As reflected in the financial ratio of Far Eastern University and Dr. Yangas colleges, Inc. there is no major problems for both firms and is well proportioned for future growth. However the Far eastern University has a problem in their average collection period. Therefore, possessing a lower average collection period is seen as optimal, because this means that it does not take a company very long to turn its receivables into cash. Ultimately, every business needs cash to pay off its own expenses. In that case it is advised that FEU must improve an excellent credit term management to fall into outstanding receivables. Hence, cash is circulating well although out the operations that generates revenue.