Foreign Language and English Essay

Nowadays, almost six thousands languages are spoken in different countries. And unfortunately, half of them are in danger of defunctness. Certainly, the disappearance of a language can be attributed to the system of communication. However, one can say that it is a loss of culture and expression of human experience. According to Baldwin (2006) â€Å"foreign language is a language not spoken by the people of a certain place. † For instance, Italian is a foreign language in India. Hence, Italian language is a foreign language for Indians. In this regard, an Indian is not supposed to communicate in French. (Baldwin, 2006) Form the birth of this world and human civilization, for both an individual and a society acquisition of any foreign language has been the subject of ardent debate in most of the countries. In this context, anthropologists and psychologists have been researched on 2nd language learning. In this regard, Hakuta and Bialystok have researched a lot according to them it is very difficult task for a native to speak foreign language. (Hakuta and Bialystok, 1994) Good and Bad Aspects of Foreign Language However, according to Piron (n. d) because of different economies, diverse social societies, cultural differences, linguistic and implications in education have become a set of problems for an individual. Hence, as a matter of fact, when something is complex, the natural tendency is to simplify. Consequently, nowadays every society has an enormously simplified image of the linguistic situation. Piron also believes, yet for a big part of mankind there is no language problems with regard to understand. Obviously, one can solve his or her problem by hiring a translator. On the other hand, still some people living in diverse societies such as the US facing language problems every now and then. (Piron, n. d. ) For instance, a worker working in America can face language problems frequently when communicating with their customers or boss. Or a manager of a firm may face financial loss due to the fact that he or she cannot understand opponent’s reason of conflict. Interestingly, according to Piron (n. d. ) such people â€Å"do not feel victims of an absurd and unfair system, they feel guilty, they feel they should have mastered the other language. † (Piron, n. d. ) He further argued that as written in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, every individual has a right to communicate in his own language. (Piron, n. d. ) Is America Loosing Its Language? According to Baldwin (2006) a researcher in this area, before the arrival of European, around three hundred Native American languages were spoken in the US. And now some of them are not exist is anywhere in the US society. In addition, most of the spoken languages are disappearing fast. He further believes that â€Å"America has lost its identity and is fast losing its language. (Baldwin, 2006) Another researcher in this area Feder (2006) also believes that â€Å"ordinary Americans look at a nation that’s losing its language and identity†. (Feder, 2006) Foreign Language and Its Effects on Children As far as learning foreign language is concerned it is very difficult task for children to learn it quickly. However, according to Fertig (2007) naturally, some children have abilities to understand quickly other languages from birth. In this regard, children who speak two languages fluently are called bilingual. Interestingly, children who speak two languages fluently can be said to have 2 mother tongues. In this context according to Fertig (2007) â€Å"neither children is foreign to that child, if in one language is a foreign language for the vast majority of people in the child’s birth country†. (Fertig, 2007) For instance, a child learning Spanish from his Spanish mother and French at school in France can communicate fluently in both Spanish and French, interestingly, neither is a foreign language to him or her. (Fertig, 2007) Following are some of the major advantages of foreign language for children: o Firstly, as a matter of fact, for children study in foreign language plays a catalyst role with regard of psychological and cognitive growth and development. o Secondly, confronting with 2 languages at an early age generally assists children to be more innovative. o Thirdly, many researchers in this area have disclosed the facts that foreign languages positively effects on skills such as writing, speaking and listening, and most importantly when interacting with two foreign languages it expands individual’s memory. However, in some parts of the US, because of highly marked diverse societies, schools’ administrations are constrained to adopt tow primary languages for education according to community and majority. This thing has both good and bad effects on children’s education. A child who is not bilingual by birth may confront several problems when taught in other language. Conclusion From the outset of this world, human have adopted and dispersed several languages. As a student as discussed above, studying in foreign language has both pros and cons. However, the world has become a global village and hence it would be better to say that every individual if wants success in this world must have savvy of other languages, such as English, French, Spanish and so forth. References Baldwin P. C. (2006). The Sorriest Generation: America Has Lost Its Identity And Is Fast Losing Its Language. Retrieved, October 24, 2007, from http://pieganinstitute. org/preservinglanguages. pdf Fertig C. (2007). Language Immersion Programs for the Gifted: Foreign Language, Parents and Educators, Gifted and Talented Children, Gifted Education, Parenting Gifted Children, College Planning. Retrieved, October 24, 2007, from http://resources. prufrock. com/tabid/57/articleType/CategoryView/categoryId/21/Foreign-Language. aspx Feder D. (2006). A Pathway to Citizenship — and Political Extinction. Retrieved, October 24, 2007, from http://www. frontpagemag. com/Articles/Read. aspx? GUID=9B4F0AA7-6059-4771-A906-0B42C8E7C5C9 Hakuta K and Bialystok E. (1994). In Other Words: The Science and Psychology of Second-Language Acquisition. New York: Basic Books. Piron C. (n. d. ). Psychological Aspects Of The Language Problem: Presence or absence of language handicap. Retrieved, October 24, 2007, from http://www. geocities. com/c_piron/1. html

A drama by Arthur Miller Essay

The Crucible is a drama by Arthur Miller wrote in the 1950’s. It tells the tail of a village in America, Salem. This is overcome with mass hysteria witchcraft trials. In the opening scene of the film, Act 1, the director chooses to go straight to one of the main characters, Abigail. She is the center of the group of girls and the scene moves straight to forest where the girls are dancing. There is spooky music playing in the background. They start to chant and partake in the practice of witchcraft. Abigail whispers to Tituba (the servant of Rev. Paris and we then find out later that she want John Proctor to fall in love with her. Abigail picks up the chicken and uses it to put a spell on John. The background is dark and with witchcraft, chanting and music all builds up tension very well. In the original play you do not see the witch craft practiced at the beginning. Instead Author Miller chooses to go stright to a young girl affected by the witch craft Betty (the Rev. Paris daughter) who appears to be in a comma. This is due the girls getting cauter while practicing there witch craft. We find out that Rev. Paris saw the girl in the forest dancing, this called them all to freak out and run around like headless chickens and it scared Betty so much that she was now in a comma. Paris say â€Å"†¦ my daughter and my niece I discovered dancing like heathen in the forest†¦ † Abby denies they were doing witchcraft, she says they where just dancing when her uncle, the Rev. Paris, came along and frightened them Betty fainted. In the play Arthur Miller’s introduction is calm but the film has a spooky, eerie and dramatic feeling. Abby is very dominant over the other girls and has a lot of control over them. She is the main character and one of the oldest so she has the most control over them. She seems to sense the girl’s weakness and uses this to her advantage by making them copy her when she wants. Tituba become more powerful with every one surrounding her listen to her every word of what happened in the forest which make her feel more important and less like a slave. In Act 2 in the pace of the play stat to build up as the sentences become small and I found my self read much quicker which seemed to keep me in suspense building tension. We find out that Abbey has an affair with John Proctor and that his wife knows about this some thing you would not expect from a Nobel man like John. All this seemed to make Abbey a stronger character which may seem odd as Abbey started out as an innocent girl having a bit of fun in the forest. Mary Warren enters the Proctor’s house suddenly. The sight of here make john Proctor furious. It is very dramatic when he grabs her and shakes her and shouts â€Å"I’ll whip you if you do not dare leave this house again. † But the tension drops as Mary Warren goes limp in his grip and claims to be sick. Proctor’s anger is draining and Mary’s staye is emphasized when she give the limp rag doll to Elizabeth Proctor. The tension rises very dramatically when proctor finds the needle in the rag doll.

Owning a Pet

You go to the mall, and there in center court is a bunch of cute, soft, wiggly puppies and kittens; some of them are in cages and some are being walked around by handlers. There is a crowd of adults and children surrounding them. You just have to hold one of them for just a minute, and then you are hooked. Everyone knows that pets are loveable, soft and cuddly; what we forget about is the responsibility that comes with pet ownership. Outside of the time commitment to caring for a pet, there is also the financial aspect.When you own a pet, they have to be fed, groomed, exercised and loved; most of the time, with puppies, there is the training aspect of getting them to let you know when they need to go outside to eliminate waste and not to chew on furniture or other house fixtures. Try to avoid the use of second person â€Å"you† in your writing. Pets also add to the normal housekeeping routine due to pet hair and shedding which may require additional vacuuming. And, with cat ow nership, there is the need to keep the litter box clean.All of this takes time from an already busy schedule. Add to that the expense of owning a pet: food, grooming, veterinarian and training expenses, to name a few. Consequently, what seemed like a good idea can have a drastic impact on your life. Most of us work; what do you do with the pet during the day when you are away from home? Or, what if you plan a trip and are unable to take the pet with you? Do you have a family member willing to take on the responsibility of caring for your pet while you are gone?Or, do you pay to have the pet boarded while you are gone? Cats are fairly self-sufficient and can be left alone for long periods of time; dogs, not so much. If you own a dog and are away at work, what do you do about the dog using when it needs to go outside? These are all important considerations prior to walking out the door with that cute, fluffy pet. We all know that pets are loving and loyal companions. Above all, one sh ould consider the consequences of pet ownership, in terms of time and expenses.

Explanatory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Explanatory - Essay Example The game of volleyball has a history of more than 119 years as the game was first developed during the period of 1895 by an individual named William G. Morgan who is an American (Zartman 2). The game was developed in order to substitute the game for the sport of basketball; as basketball was considered as a more violent game. Furthermore, basketball was considered physically harmful for the middle aged individuals who were members with the YMCA. The game has altered from what it was like when it was first developed. The first development was the introduction of a new ball, especially designed for the game during the year of 1900 (Zartman 4). Six years later, the game started becoming offensive in nature with the introduction of the set and spike method of transferring the ball from one end of the court to the other end was developed (Zartman 34). From this period onwards, several changes to the game were made and to regulate these changes the formation of the United States Volleyball Association took place during the period of 1928 and since then the game started becoming popular amongst the masses (Zartman 1992). After a period of 36 years, the game became so widely played that it was made part of the Olympics that took place in Tokyo (Zartman 188). The inclusion of the game in Olympics and the creation of regulatory body are signs that depict that the game is internationally recognized and has become quite common amongst the masses. The game of volleyball is quite difficult game to understand and play. It has several rules that help in achieving victory. The main rule in the game is that each team is only allowed to touch the ball three times when the ball is in their side of the court (Fivb.org 1). The members of the team can pass the ball with an underpass that is conducted with the help of the forearms or they can

Escherichia Coli bacterium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Escherichia Coli bacterium - Research Paper Example This bacterium is not completely aerobic that is it can survive in the presence of oxygen and it also has the capability to exist in the absence of oxygen by the process of fermentation. E. coli also has the property of movement though there are certain forms of the bacteria that form exceptions and do not move. The mobility is provided to it by flagellum, which is referred to as peritrichous flagella that is present on all sides of the bacteria. The bacterium does not have the property of forming spores. The bacterium has three antigens present. The antigen which is present on the cell wall of the bacteria is the â€Å"O† antigen, the antigen which is present on the flagellum is the â€Å"H† antigen and the antigen which is found on the capsule of the bacteria is the â€Å"K† antigen. These antigens have great variability with each of them existing in many different forms. This is the reason that E. coli exists in many different forms (Charles Davis; This bacter ia has been associated with many pathological conditions which include the inflammation of the gall bladder, inflammation of the biliary tract, infections of the urinary tract and the blood as well as diarrhea particularly traveler’s diarrhea.... E. coli is also listed as an infection which occurs in the hospital settings and has been associated with an average of 31 percent hospital acquired infections in the United States as well as a cause of diarrhea in 4 percent of the people. The meningeal inflammation that results due to E. coli should not be overlooked because it accounts for 8 percent of the deaths due to this condition and it can also result in pathological conditions of the nervous system (Science Daily; WHO 2005). Pathogenesis: The diarrhea that occurs due to the E. coli is caused by four classes of this bacterium which function in different ways. The first one is the Enteropathogenic E. coli that affect usually infants below the age of two years and hence occurrences are mostly reported from maternity homes. This group of E.coli has the capability of binding to the cells of the intestine and destructs its microvillus which leads to diarrhea. The spread occurs through the consumption of water or via the food that infants consume. (Charles Davis; WHO 2005). The next group of E. coli is Enterocytotoxigenic E. coli. This group is the major cause for traveler’s diarrhea in all age groups. It produces exotoxins which are known as heat labile and heat stable exotoxins. They have an effect on adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively. These enzymes lead to a cascade of reactions which cause retention of fluid and electrolytes with the passage of the intestine. This is turn results in diarrhea. The cause for this infection is also via the dietary intake. The world health organization has reported that this group of E. coli accounts for a mortality rate which is very

Do countries really benefit from international trade Essay

Do countries really benefit from international trade - Essay Example One example of this would be Jamaica and Great Britain. Whilst it is very easy for Jamaica to produce pineapples, it is very difficult for Great Britain to do so. By exchanging goods that are in demand in Jamaica, Britain could receive something they might not otherwise have. Building on this argument is the idea that certain products could be traded that meet different specifications. One example of this would be steel. Whilst Europe and the United States both produce steel it may be that they are able to independently produce steel to different specifications, as such the countries are able to focus their operations to producing the product in which they specialize. What this translates to is better resource allocation, which ultimately encourages countries to produce products in which they have a comparative advantage. By extension it could be said that nations are less wasteful with their resources, for example Great Britain could grow tropical fruit in giant, heated greenhouses but that would represent an inefficient allocation of resources. A second advantage to international trade is that nations may capitalize on proximity advantages. What this means is that even though a country may be able to produce a good domestically there may be a foreign producer that can more efficiently supply a product by nature of them being able to save on logistics costs. An example of this would be Canada and the United States wherein Western Canada is a major producer of timer however if Eastern Canada needs timber they may turn to American suppliers that are only a few hundred kilometers away rather than on the opposite side of their own domestic country. The third advantage of international trade is the associated increased competition that comes with said trade. When a domestically produced product faces no real international competition it is often argued that stagnation occurs, insofar as there is no real need to innovate because consumers have no other option

The Free Movement of Goods Within The European Union Essay

The Free Movement of Goods Within The European Union - Essay Example The framework of the EC Treaty encompasses a free and open market among the Member States. Articles 23-31 which is headed ‘Free Movement of Goods’ is designed to promote this concept. Article 23 provides for the exemption of customs duties on all imports and exports throughout the Member States. Article 28 forbids the implementation of ‘Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect †¦between the Member States.’ Article 29 makes the same provision in respect of exports. Article 30 provides that †¦Articles 28 and 29 shall not preclude prohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports or goods in transit justified on grounds of public morality, public policy or public security; the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants; the protection of national treasures possessing artistic; or the protection of industrial and commercial property. Such prohibitions or restrictions shall not, however, constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between the Member States. It is against this background that the Netherlands may pursue an action against the UK. The position taken by the UK authorities in relation to the lifting of the poultry ban on the Netherlands is a contravention of the spirit of free and open trade within the European Community. The European Community has set as its goal the facilitation of a free enterprise market while simultaneously protecting the consumer interest within the Member States.

CASE STUDY - EXPERIANCE OF ILLNESS AND DISABILITY Essay

CASE STUDY - EXPERIANCE OF ILLNESS AND DISABILITY - Essay Example tion will be done on questions such as how the illness and disability affect the individual sense of self and their way of life (before and after the illness), how the society’s perception transforms about the past and present of the ailing body, and how the social relationship affects the patients’ condition. Health, or illness, was once merely attributed to biological or natural conditions. Sociologists have verified that the spread of diseases is heavily influenced by the socioeconomic status of individuals, ethnic traditions or beliefs, and other cultural factors. There are obvious differences in pattern of health and illness across societies. The concept of health, diseases and illness varies from society to society. The social location of our peers affects the life chances; the beliefs about health and illness held by the peers shape the experiences and understanding of the later generation. The self-identity of an individual shape up his experience of illness, and the socio-cultural context affects his concept of death and dying. The behavior of the society with the patient varies with the culture. Understanding and beliefs about health and illness vary among different groups. This variation largely depends on the social, cultural, biographical and economic context within which ind ividual are positioned (Nettleton, 2006). In the narrative of every human life and every family, illness is a prominent character. Even if an individual does not get ill, he cannot prevent its reach into his family member’s life. Illness brings people closer in care giving. It moves people to sense the importance of life, brings hope and optimism in life, and creates confusion and doubts as well (McDaniel & Doherty, 1997). Experiencing illness, the term refers to the ways in which the people define and perceive any interruption in their health. It is typical in medical sociology to distinguish between illness and disease. Illness refers to peoples â€Å"lay† or subjective

The Impact of the Cloud on Mobile Devices Research Paper - 1

The Impact of the Cloud on Mobile Devices - Research Paper Example It will first provide a conceptual analysis of the issues surrounding the application, its application target market as well as reasons for its popularity and development. Introduction When addressing the issue of the impact of cloud on mobile devices, there are two terms, which are inseparable: cloud computing and mobile cloud computing. Cloud computing is a form of computing which offers animatedly scalable resources are as a virtualized service. It permits the service providers as well as other consumers to alter their computing capability with regard to the quantity and quality required form a particular task at a specific time. There are three major requirements that accompany cloud computing namely thin clients, grid computing, and utility computing. In most cases, cloud computing expose the users to computing systems through internet interfaces to use services for instance search engines, online stores and web-based email (Marinelli, 2009). Cloud Computing encompasses both the programs offered as services in the internet and the hardware and software applications in the processors that offer those services. Computer experts refer to the range of services and applications offered by cloud computing as Software as a Service (SaaS). On the other hand, cloud is the processing hardware and software that offers these services and applications. ... On the other hand, mobile cloud computing is an application in which both the data storage and the data processing occur outside of the mobile device. There are various contemporary examples of cloud computing applications including Google Maps, mobile Gmail, and some direction-finding applications. Nonetheless, most of the data storage and processing of contemporary applications still occur inside the mobile devices as opposed to occurring in the cloud. However, this trend is gradually changing and eventually all the applications will soon occur in the cloud (Perez, 2009). In the case of conservative cloud computing systems, they often occur on collections of servers. Consequently, there are enormous amounts of data placed on these collections through stratums of virtualization depicting the execution of elevated jobs to process this data and bring helpful results. This is however, very different when it comes to mobile-cloud computing, where the origin and processing of data occurs on mobile devices (Marinelli, 2009). The world technology is experiencing new forms of innovations, which is greatly affecting many organizations as well as their technology suppliers. In this regard mobile cloud, computing is emerging as a source of these innovations, which are transforming the global business industry in a great way. In addition, this innovation packs the power to alter businesses of all sizes as well as the economies that control their development. In this view, cloud computing is a subcontract of business and information technology functionality that bears the nimble economies of 21st century (Saugatuck Technology Inc., 2008). Several opinions assert that the conversion of old information technology will not offer the best mobile cloud computing services,

Ufo Truths and Lies Essay Example for Free

Ufo Truths and Lies Essay When is the truth a lie?.. When it is only half told. The truth like an arrow in flight, if it deviates by a plus or minus . 0 degrees, in any direction, will not hit its mark. True it may come pretty close, may fall with in acceptable boundaries, but more times than not it will miss the mark altogether. Seems to me people always say they want that arrow (the truth) to hit dead center bulls eye all the time, but because of hidden agendas though the aim, was true when the arrow was loosed, the arrow ends up being deflected by things beyond the archers control and never is a solid hit. It is time for people to realize the government is not the only one that, under the guise of looking out for the public good or doing the right thing, because of their actions, turn whole truths into full lies, for a half truth is still a whole lie is it not, for there are no such things as half lies, lies are lies, and that is that Today the UFO and Alien Abduction Phenomena has finally stepped from the shadows and has taken its place in the full light of public awareness. Now we see flying saucers and aliens used to sell us any and everything from A to Z. This is good to some extent for now people from all walks of life are finally taking an active interest in this ancient phenomena. Still I feel we have a long way to go before we will ever, if we ever, make heads or tails out of the riddles of UFOs and ETs. Today they are being called everything from Angelic to Demonic, to Ascended Masters, and this can well be understood because the phenomena crosses all of the boundaries of the paranormal. If we are ever to get a handle on this slippery perplexation we must be willing to toss aside old ways of seeing and believing and be willing to look at things that we have been over looking either because of our fear of being ridiculed as fools by our government, gullible by the scientist, or heretics by our church. All the while these very same institutions claims it is for the good of the public that we forget this stuff and go on with our lives for it will drive you crazy, send you into a cult, or to hell. So far depending on which of these three institutions the investigators hale from this phenomena is viewed differently. If it is a government investigation it will not tell all it finds out because of National Security. If is a scientific investigation anything of a non tangible nature will be ignored. If it is a religious group anything that smacks of paganism, E. S. P, witchcraft, or magic will be excluded. Thus in the end, none of the investigators ever allow themselves access to the full scope of the phenomena they are trying, or at least claiming to try to investigate. It all depends on the mind set of the investigator that the True Experiencer tells their encounter to as to the spin that will be put on it when the a fore said Investigator retells and retails the Experiencers story. Very often those points of the Experiencers experience that clash with their ( the Investigators ) belief systems will be left out of the report or twisted to mean something else. Sometimes this is deliberate but at times it is accidental for the Investigators more times than not is not an Experiencer, and so over looks the subtleties of the encounter for the more sensual or sensational points of it. There in is the problem, for as I have learned because of my many encounters, the ETs tend to speak more to that part of the mind we call the sub conscience for that is the realm of the Quantum Mind. It is because the Investigators focus mainly on the realm of the Linear Mind ( the physical ) they often over look the deeper meanings and obvious messages and information that are sometime passed during the encounter. The Linear Mind speaks person to person, The Quantum Mind speaks Species to Species. I will explain by using the Betty Hills encounter for that is well known. Betty Hill was given a book by one of the beings she encountered, which she wanted to keep as proof that what she had experienced was real, and was told she could keep it, but the book was taken away. She was shone a star map that she was told was useless for her if she did not know where she was located on the map. A needle was put into her navel and she was told it was a test for pregnancy, but she knew that, that was no pregnancy test she had ever heard of. When these actions are viewed Linearly , that is to say in the context of the every day mind of her time these entities were deceitful tormentors. Today we know that the star map she was shone was accurate and did pinpoint the area that she was told the entities came from Zeta Reticula.

Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay

Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay In the 18th century, the Grand Viziers and commanders were generally Turkish origin. The Turkification of the administration in the Ottoman Empire in these years spread over art and cultural fields. These improvements paved the way for Turkish nationalism in the following centuries. During the 18th century, nationalism was an ideology which was seen in the Balkans.  [1]   As examining the emergence of Turkish nationalism, it is obvious that it is far later than its Western counterpart. There were several reasons led to this delay. Firstly, Turks were the main element of the Ottoman Empire that could have prevented them. If the Turks had realized the Turkish nationalism, others might have been influenced. National discourse on Turkism would have shaken the established order in the boundaries of Empire. There is also another reason for this delay that bourgeois and labor classes did not occur among the Turks before they did in other nations. Until the 19th century, Turk as a concept had negative meaning.  [2]   The beginning of the concept of Turkish nationalism traced back to the Turcology studies in the 19th century in Europe. Especially the linguistic features of the various Turkish groups were emphasized. The studies of European Turcologists works were affective on Ottoman intellectuals while they were trying to stop the decline of the Empire.  [3]  These Turcology studies were one of the most significant sources both in the emergence of Turkish nationalism and Pan- Turanism. The idea of nationalism also emerged among the Muslims in Russia especially the Tatars of Volga before Turks in the Empire. As the reasons for that considered; they were the most advanced ethnic group in the Muslims of Russia. Although they suffered from Russian suppression for centuries, with Catherine II this situation has changed and Tatars gained some kind of religious and civil autonomy. Among the Tatar community traders class rose however; the Turks in the Ottoman Empire had no special place within the millet system and they only have been the dominant nation with other Muslims such as Arabs, Kurds and Albanians. More importantly, between these nations there were no ethnic barriers and Turks in the Empire have accepted Islam as their life style.  [4]   For these reasons, although there were ideas of nationalism which were actualized by Greek independence and Serbian autonomy, Turkish-Ottoman consciousness was not present at that time. With the Ottoman Russian War in 1877- 1878 large numbers of Tatars, Azerbaijanis and Caucasian Turks migrated to the Empire. The Turkish intellectuals that fled to Ottoman Empire, Pan-Turkism began to spread out.  [5]   As it was stated before this ideology was consolidated by the impact of Western ideas and via the works of Turcologists in Europe , who showed the Turks that they belonged to such an ancient nation. The work of Western Turcologists was later followed by that of Turkish intellectuals. In a world of chaos and inequalities, many Ottoman intellectuals were influenced by the charms of nationalism. They adopted a romanticized image of the nation rising up from the ruins of a decadent empire.  [6]   However, Turkish national discourse did not gain full political content and aim until 1908 which was the date of the Constitutions declaration. This relative delay of political controversy on Turkish nationalism was not due to the ignorance of the bureaucrats and intellectuals towards the problem of saving of the state.  [7]   As we evaluate politically, the 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian Wars, Germany and some Balkan nations close relationships and the disappointments resulted from ideologies of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Ottomanism and lastly, Ottoman intellectuals actions opposed to the bureaucrats of Tanzimat ere and reforms were all the reasons behind the emergence of Turkish nationalism in the Ottoman Empire as an alternative to two ideologies that were explained in the previous parts of our paper. All these developments prepared and formed the conditions for Turkish nationalism.  [8]   G. PAN-TURKISM Pan-Turkism refers to political, cultural and ethnic unity of all  Turkic-speaking  people. Before explaining practices of Pan-Turkism in the Ottoman Empire, noticeable personalities in this issue will be mentioned. One of the most influential and significant personality on the issue of Pan-Turkism in the Russian Empire. He was among the Tartar of Kazan region. In the periodical Tà ¼rk, his famous article was published. ÃÅ"c Ter-i Siyaset is seen as the main manifest of Pan- Turkism. He compared the 3 ideologies that Union and Progress Party pursued. Consequently, he supported Turkish nationalism as an alternative to pan-Ottomanism and pan- Islamism. Whereas traditional Ottoman elite found Akà §uras new Turkish nationalism as inappropriate, Unionist regime adopted it later. According to them, pan- Turkism was a mean to compensate the Empires African and European losses by Turkification policy at Empire and in Asia over the Turkic society.  [9]  Yusuf Akcura (1904), in his well-known article on the 3 ideologies stated that: By such a policy all Turks living in the Ottoman Empire would be perfectly united by both ethnic and religious bonds and the other non-Turkish Muslim groups who have been already Turkified to a certain extent would be further assimilated.  [10]   He also examined the advantages and disadvantages of pan-Turkism policy over the Empire. He suggested that main service of this policy would be unification of all the Turks who are being spread over Asia and the Eastern Europe, belong to the same language groups, ethnicity and religion. Among the other great nations, greater national and political unity would be created. In this unity, Ottomans would be the most powerful and civilized of all the Turkish societies. Among the ethnicities of Caucasian and the East Asian, a Turkish world came into existence. Except these advantages, there was shortcoming of this policy that can lead to the separation of the non-Turkish Muslims from the Empire. As a consequence, the Muslims would be divided into Turks and non-Turks.  [11]   Furthermore, another supporter of the Pan-Turkist ideology among the Turks in Russia was Ä °smail GaspÄ ±ralÄ ± who is a Crimean Tatar. He stated his ideas in the Crimean newspaper Tercà ¼man with the motto of unity in language, ideas, deeds. He advocated not only concept of Turkism but also Islam and Westernization. Although he was in favor of Turkish nationalism, he had avoided formulating a political Turkish identity and he had formed this unions social and cultural background , while leaving the political union to others.  [12]   It can be inferred that in Ottoman Empire Pan-Turkism was mostly dominated in the literature domain. Especially between the Russian War and Greek War, idea of Turkish nationalism was treated by Ã…Å ¾emseddin Sami, Necib AsÄ ±m and Veled Çelebi ant may of the Turkist intellectual and authors.  [13]   G.1. PAN-TURKISM AS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY IN THE EMPIRE Until the years 1912-1913 that Balkan Wars occurred other policies pursued instead of Pan-Turkism. 1908 Revolution adjusted the way of looking the Turks and Pan-Turkist movement became popular. The reason behind this popularity was the continuous attempts of Great powers that interfered in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire. The justification of these interventions was protection of the minorities. As a result, young intellectuals adopted Turkish nationalism. The first attempt of pan-Turkist movement was immediately after from the 1908 Constitutional Period. On 7 January 1909, Turkish Association was founded. It was a cultural association and Armenians, some of the European Orientalists were also among the members. With the foundation of these kind of associations, there published some journals that had important role of the developments in pan-Turkism. As a result of Turco-Italian War, this nationalist movement was accelerated.  [14]   The Ottoman intellectuals and bureaucrats were obviously concerned about the future of the Empire. They were also imbued with patriotic feelings because of the latest conflictive political developments. In the opposition wing, the Young Turks had strongly devoted themselves to Pan-Turkism. They thought that domestic and modern changes could only be achieved through radical structural changes, not through imitation of western institutions. Political Turkism was the final ideological recourse of the Young Turks. They defended the ideology of Ottomanism in place of political Turkism even after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 since Ottomanism was more promising in keeping the unity of the Empire. Although the Young Turks looked after the Turkish elements of the Empire and declared Turkish language as the official language in 1909, they never supported political Turkism as a solution to the problems of the Empire. For them, the most considerable objective was to keep the unity of all et hnic elements under the patronage of the Ottoman Empire, which Ottomanism was the best ideological tool for this end.  [15]   It was obvious that Committee of Union and Progress developed the consciousness of Turkish nationalism as political organization. CUP governments most important step towards a nationalist policy was the acceptance of Turkish language as the official language of the Ottoman society which eventually would be taught to all Ottoman citizens. These applications were carried out not in the name of Turkism, but of secularism and Westernism. Application of a nationalist policy on a secular line was natural in the Ottoman Empire since the emergence of the Pan-Turkist ideas, too, As a consequence, at one of the party congress Union and Progress preferred Turkish nationalism in 1911.  [16]   There were some events that were influential on this transformation from pan-Ottomanism to pan-Turkism. Congress of the Young Turks in 1902 was the milestone for clearness of anti-imperialist line. In this Congress, liberal wing that led by Prince Sabahaddin and nationalist wing broke apart. Moreover, as a result of Russian defeat in 1904 Russo-Japan War and recession of Russia from the World War I because of the Bolshevik Revolution, Turkic society in Turkistan gained their independence temporarily. This situation gave hope to Pan-Turkist ideas. With the serious defeat and loss of territory in the Balkan Wars in the 1912-1913, Ottoman Empire became Turkish-Arab Empire. Through these conditions, pan-Turkism which was only cultural issue on the Young Turks mind came into prominence immediately as a sole political option.  [17]   During the World War I, pan-Ottomanism was abandoned and this time was determinant on pan-Turkism. Public opinion and foreign policy were also affected by the advocates of the ideology by 1914. There was a question on the Ottoman Empires place in the new system of alliances of Europe. According to Yusuf Akà §ura, alliance with Germany would be the best option and he supported this choice. Russia was seen as a great obstacle on the way for Turkish unity. As the France allied with Russia, this country was not anymore one of the alliance options for the Ottoman Empire. As Britain was evaluated, the Ottomans were aware of British interest in route to India. After these evaluations, alliance with Germany was favored.  [18]   Ziya Gà ¶kalp formulated the Turkish nationalism in the articles for the journal Tà ¼rk Yurdu. With his framework, this current gained an economic dimension. Union and Progress National Economy Program caused emergence of the economic extent. Aims of this program were discharging the minority and foreign tradesmen, entrepreneurs and substitute them with Turks. In other words, this program aimed to create Turkish bourgeoisie. As we look at this national current in political realm, Enver Pasha was mostly responsible for state policy on Pan-Turkism especially for following Pan-Turkist objectives on the military domain. His ideas and inspiration of uniting Turkic people of Caucasus and Central Asia later led to the invasion of Trans-Caucasus and his personal action in Central Asia.  [19]   Through this information, the rise of Turkism would owe to the defeats of Ottoman Empire. In other words, it was a political movement which was based on the idea of a Turkish nation, came about in a period where Ottomans were defeated and Muslims were humbled, feeding on various developments. These were the Ottoman reaction against separation movements in the Balkans, the rebellious Tatar actions against Russian pan-Slavism, the new ideas brought forward by European nationalism and the studies on Turcology. However, after World War I Pan-Turkism ideology became unrealistic. The ideological debate on pan- Ottomanism and pan-Turkism continued with a different perspective. The question how to save the Empire? transformed into how to institutionalize the state that would replace the fallen Empire? However, Union and Progress Turkification policy was extremely criticized. The reason for these critics was that this policy weakened the link of the Ottomanism and it led to Armenians and Greek minorities separation from the Empire. Consequently, Ottomanism was reconsidered. H .CONCLUSION: In conclusion, How could the Ottoman Empire have been saved? That was the question all ideologies tried to find an answer. However, each of them came with different answers, it can not be said there were imcompatible differences between them. Many Young Turks who were supporters of Ottomanism, were at the same time Muslims and Pan- Turkists in their minds who were deeply entrenched in nationalism. A majority of the intellectuals were not oppose to those parts of the Western civilization that they considered functional. Supporters of the Ottomanism accepted that, so the Pan-Islamists also did. Ottoman Empires pragmatic nature also observed while investigating the actualizations of these ideologies. Tanzimat reforms were criticized by Pan Islamists. Pan-Islamism that adopted Islamic practices and cooperation between the Muslim communities defended a return to traditional values but they were also in favor of using Western techniques. In World War I, Ottomans needed Muslim Arabs support and they declared Jihad. The Committee of Union and Progress used a Western thesis against the West: nationalism. After 1913, CUP favored Pan-Turkism and put this ideology against Russia during World War I.  [20]  Ziya Gà ¶kalp who was a influential advocate of pan-Turkism, argued that Westem ways should be accepted was also criticizing the Tanzimat reformers for their loss with their own nations culture. The idea of pan-Ottomanism was tried to be dynamise during World War I became impossible with the Sevres Treaty and the idea of unifying all the Turks happened invalid and futile in the beginning of the Russian Revolution in 1918 and the Turkish War of Independence. After this ideological confusion seen in the 19th and early 20th centuries, modem Turkey which rose off the ashes of Ottoman Empire was located on a far sounder and decisive ideology.  [21]   As it is all known, Mustafa Kemal opposed to the ideologies of Pan-Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism. He stated that the Turks had actions to do in Turkey, and acceptance of another policy would be unnecessary. The new nationalism which was adopted in the Republic of Turkey aimed at saving and developing the Anatolian Turks. Therefore, this nationalism was very dissimilar from nationalism of the Young Turk era.  [22]  However, it would be said that the Young Turk nationalism called Ottoman Turkishs attention to the existence of a nationality. Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk had two major objectives: the foundation of a sovereign and independent Turkish state and to succeed this states modernization. As a result of these reasons, during the War of Independence the connection with the Sultan was cut off. Moreover, the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the Caliphate was also abolished on 3 March 1924. By these reforms, Atatà ¼rk wanted a strong break from the past. His reforms constituted a well-organized and systematic tendency towards the West and he had the aim of achieving level of the European states in cultural, industrial, and economic fields.  [23]  

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction Communism: A theory and system of social and political organization that was a major force in world politics for much of the 20th century. As a political movement, communism sought to overthrow capitalism through a workers’ revolution and establish a system in which property is owned by the community as a whole rather than by individuals. In theory, communism would create a classless society of abundance and freedom, in which all people enjoy equal social and economic status. In practice, communist regimes have taken the form of coercive, authoritarian governments that cared little for the plight of the working class and sought above all else to preserve their own hold on power. The idea of a society based on common ownership of property and wealth stretches far back in Western thought. In its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement of 19th-century Europe. At that time, Europe was undergoing rapid industrialization and social change. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for creating a new class of poor, urban factory workers who labored under harsh conditions, and for widening the gulf between rich and poor. Foremost among these critics were the German philosopher Karl Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels. Like other socialists, they sought an end to capitalism and the exploitation of workers. But whereas some reformers favored peaceful, longer-term social transformation, Marx and Engels believed that violent revolution was all but inevitable; in fact, they thought it was â€Å"predicted by the scientific laws of history.† They called their theory â€Å"scientific socialism,† or communism. In the last half of the 19th century the terms socialism and communism were often used interchangeably. Ho wever, Marx and Engels came to see socialism as merely an intermediate stage of society in which most industry and property were owned in common but some class differences remained. They reserved the term communism for a final stage of society in which class differences had disappeared, people lived in harmony, and government was no longer needed. The meaning of the word communism shifted after 1917, when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia. The Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist Party and installed a repress... ...that lacked the preconditions he and Engels considered essential, namely capitalism and a mature industrial economy. The first of these countries was Russia, a huge, poor, relatively backward nation that was just beginning to acquire an industrial base. IV  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communism in the Soviet Union Communism as a concrete social and political system made its first appearance in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the state erected by the victors of the October Revolution in Russia in 1917. Soviet communism took some of the core notions of Marxism to an extreme, realizing them through a tyrannical political structure. Within a decade, the Soviet dictatorship, having eradicated all dissent, unleashed an industrialization drive premised on near-total state control of physical and human resources. Authoritarianism reached its zenith during the long reign of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The limited reforms undertaken after his death in 1953 did not alter the essential character of communism in the Soviet Union. Destabilized by the far-reaching reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, the Soviet system disintegrated in 1991.

Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuels Essay -- Essays Papers

Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuels Besides food, fossil fuels are our most important resource. According to www.bydesign.com, there are three major resources. These resources are coal, oil and natural gas. The environmental impact of fossil fuel usage affects us greatly as individuals and as a global community. Coal causes much damage to our environment. Coal extraction is a serious cause of water pollution. Coal is used primarily to produce electricity. Coal releases nitrous oxide when it is burned. Nitrous oxide unfortunately stays in the atmosphere for a long time. Because this is kept in the atmosphere for such a long time it is very difficult to see or predict the harmful effects of this gas. Nearly fifty percent of the nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere is directly produced by coal. According to www.eia.gov the US energy supply and demand predicts that annual coal usage will increase from 1146 million short tons to 1175 million short tons. This means that the environmental detriments from coal usage will only increase. Currently, there is no sure way to relieve the environmental stressors caused by coal. However, for me, personally, this is a relief. This is relieving because my father owns a small family business that sells mulch and driveway stone. During the winter months, his busine ss depends on coal sales. In the past few decades, household usage of coal has decreased significantly due to the growing availability and convenience of other fuels. I do not believe that this statistic indicates that the average for household usage will increase, but it is encouraging to hear that coal will not disappear anytime soon. Oil is another one of the fossil fuels to which many of my father’s previous customers are conv... ...vironment. Overall, fossil fuels have major impact on our environment. Our energy choices leave lasting impacts on the lives of plants, animals and ourselves. Many health and physical concerns can be linked to fossil fuel usage. Hopefully, by reducing our energy consumption we will be able to protect our lives and lives of those to come. Works Cited About Fossil Fuel. 19 Feb 2004. 29 Mar. 2005 http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/fossil_fuel.html>. Natural Gas and the Environment. 2004. Naturalgas.org. 29 Mar. 2005 http://www.naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas.asp>. Restoring the Resources. Exxon Valdez Oil Trustee Council. 29 Mar. 2005 http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/facts/prevention.html>. "Short Term Energy Outlook." Short-Term Energy Outlook – March 2005. 8 Mar 2005. 29 Mar. 2005 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html>. Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuels Essay -- Essays Papers Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuels Besides food, fossil fuels are our most important resource. According to www.bydesign.com, there are three major resources. These resources are coal, oil and natural gas. The environmental impact of fossil fuel usage affects us greatly as individuals and as a global community. Coal causes much damage to our environment. Coal extraction is a serious cause of water pollution. Coal is used primarily to produce electricity. Coal releases nitrous oxide when it is burned. Nitrous oxide unfortunately stays in the atmosphere for a long time. Because this is kept in the atmosphere for such a long time it is very difficult to see or predict the harmful effects of this gas. Nearly fifty percent of the nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere is directly produced by coal. According to www.eia.gov the US energy supply and demand predicts that annual coal usage will increase from 1146 million short tons to 1175 million short tons. This means that the environmental detriments from coal usage will only increase. Currently, there is no sure way to relieve the environmental stressors caused by coal. However, for me, personally, this is a relief. This is relieving because my father owns a small family business that sells mulch and driveway stone. During the winter months, his busine ss depends on coal sales. In the past few decades, household usage of coal has decreased significantly due to the growing availability and convenience of other fuels. I do not believe that this statistic indicates that the average for household usage will increase, but it is encouraging to hear that coal will not disappear anytime soon. Oil is another one of the fossil fuels to which many of my father’s previous customers are conv... ...vironment. Overall, fossil fuels have major impact on our environment. Our energy choices leave lasting impacts on the lives of plants, animals and ourselves. Many health and physical concerns can be linked to fossil fuel usage. Hopefully, by reducing our energy consumption we will be able to protect our lives and lives of those to come. Works Cited About Fossil Fuel. 19 Feb 2004. 29 Mar. 2005 http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/fossil_fuel.html>. Natural Gas and the Environment. 2004. Naturalgas.org. 29 Mar. 2005 http://www.naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas.asp>. Restoring the Resources. Exxon Valdez Oil Trustee Council. 29 Mar. 2005 http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/facts/prevention.html>. "Short Term Energy Outlook." Short-Term Energy Outlook – March 2005. 8 Mar 2005. 29 Mar. 2005 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html>.

Uploadng Your Brain Essay -- essays research papers

UPLOADING YOUR BRAIN†¦ "I'm sorry, Jim, but I just don't think it's right for a man's atoms to be scattered all over creation and then brought back together again. It's just not right." (Character, Dr. Leonard McCoy, original Star Trek series) I wonder what Bones would have to say about swallowing, or being injected with billions of microscopic robots, or nanobots, to enter into a three dimensional cyberspace - a virtual reality environment or to enable him to live forever? In an article that could be taken from a Star Trek: Voyager script, I think Dr. Kurzweil is proposing the coming of the perpetual human as a result of nanobot technology. I guess it's not that strange a conception for science and sci-fi to be bedfellows. It's actually quite exciting to see some of the fantastic ideas once seen only in the entertainment media come to fruition. I just wish they'd work on the teleporting theory so that commuting would become a thing of the past. It would sure help the ozone layer. In due time, I suppose, but I don't know if I'm ready for an energizer bunny type of human being. Neural implants are now being used to counteract tremors from Parkinson's disease as well as multiple sclerosis. Cochlear implants are helping the deaf to hear and a retinal implant is now underway in the hopes that the blind may one day see again, or for the first time. Along those lines, Dr. Kurzweil, believes that nanobot based implants will enhance the human brain and in effect I believe, create a race of super intelligent humans. At present, the nanobots cannot be made small enough. But he states that in 30 years we will be able to miniaturize (shades the movies Fantastic Voyage and Inner Space) them and send billions of the blood cell sized scanning machines through every capillary of the brain to create a complete noninvasive scan of our every neural feature. Perhaps noninvasive on a physical level, but what about our emotional and spiritual levels? Right now we find our rights being stepped on more and more as the federal government takes control of areas in which we should be governing ourselves. When governments, extremist groups and terrorists get hold of this of kind of technology the results will be devastating. Mind boggling, if you will. Instead of bugging your phone or house you could be slipped a "nanobot mickey" and the "spy nanobots"... ...l your thoughts and actions. Talk about the ultimate violation. They could be put in the food or water supply of an entire population. Forget cryogenics or cloning. If you combine cybernetic and nanobot technologies you could upload your knowledge and experiences into a computer and then be put into a cybernetic body (the Bionic Man/Woman meet Bicentennial Man) you could, quite conceivably, live forever. But, would you want to? I might if I could outrun a car and eat all the cheeseburgers and chocolate cake I wanted without gaining an ounce! Seriously, though, I doubt that I would. I personally do not feel comfortable with the human race having access to this kind of knowledge. We're not exactly the most stable of species. I want to live my 'natural' life in my biological body as I was meant to. Not some man made super body. Dr. Kurzweil regards the freeing of the human mind from its severe physical limitations as a necessary next step in evolution. He sees it as moving us inexorably closer to becoming like God. Maybe God had a very good reason for our physical limitations. No, I'd rather take the natural, age-old approach to God myself - dying as we were meant to do.

Event Marketing – the Lessons from Red Bull Strategy

There are few brands that can offer more lessons in how to approach the next generation of marketing than Red Bull. Focusing their strategy on earned media, cultural integration and value creation, Red Bull’s approach is pioneering, and a template that many brands would love to follow. However it’s also proven a difficult strategy to replicate, specifically because just how different it is from the traditional marketing model. It’s definitely not just about sponsoring a couple of youth events and calling it a day. The scale of Red Bull’s commitment to non-traditional marketing is unprecedented. As far back as a decade ago, Red Bull was spending more than 80% of their significant marketing budget on non-measured media. That’s completely inverse to the traditional marketing formula of focusing on packaged communication messages and the broadcast media to spread them. Core to Red Bull’s success has been their unique strategy of focusing on brand-owned events. It struck me that one of the best ways to make the point about what it takes to seriously succeed at their level and at this game was to show the scale they are operating on. Creating vs sponsoring After sponsoring a handful of existing events early in the brand’s history, Red Bull made a strategic decision to create their own events and have followed this direction consistently ever since. This is a hugely important differentiator for them, and sets them a league apart from sponsor brands : . Early investment becomes equity As a sponsor brand, the more important and popular the event becomes, the more it costs. However Red Bull’s initial investment in creating the event quickly starts paying compound interest, and as the event grows in stature they reap all of the rewards while costing them only the maintenance of re-running the event. 2. Sole-branding Most big events have their platinum, gold and silver sponsors. How much are brands really getting out of these sponsor ships? And if you want to distinguish your brand by putting your name on the event, be prepared to shell out mega bucks. Red Bull on the other hand is the title sponsor for every one of these ninety events, and their branding is ubiquitous and seamlessly integrated into the event rather than tacked on and diluted amongst a hundred other sponsors. There is no question who is putting on the event and responsible for bringing it to everyone and making it happen. 3. Authenticity and credibility For me there is a big difference with a brand simply paying to have their logo attached to something, and with a brand who puts their energy, resources, and creativity to work in bringing something to life themselves, even if it is of course delivered behind the scenes by a host of event and activation agencies. There’s a different level of commitment involved, and a different type of authenticity and credibility is conferred to the brand as a result. Successful creation signals commitment to and deep understanding of the space, whereas anyone can pay to logo-ize something. I’m not saying sponsorship is always a bad thing by any stretch, but I’d argue it definitely lacks the same resonance with the audience. 4. Underground up There is something powerful about how so many of these Red Bull events started out small and local, and have grown to be big and hugely important and influential amongst the athletes and their fans. Athletes themselves say voluntarily that many of these events are as important or second only to the X-Games in stature and importance to their career. This is huge for authenticity with their target. Red Bull has grown up with it’s audience, and them with it. 5. Control Last point on creation vs sponsorship is about control. Namely, when you own the event, you do what you want with it. You control the promotion, the PR, the messaging, the branding, when it happens, where it happens, who’s involved. Everything. Even as a long-term sponsor of an event, you are ultimately at the mercy of the event’s owners and along for the ride. Longevity Many brands flit from campaign to campaign, with their event activation a tacked on component that is rarely addressed consistently. Getting ommitment to ongoing events from a brand can be near impossible. Red Bull is fundamentally different in this regard. They create experiences that generate value for the brand and then they build equity in them consistently over time, just as most brands would do with important product innovations and sub-brands. This is hugely cost effective compared to reinventing the wheel every year, a nd it ensures the brand becomes fundamentally woven into the lives of the athletes and influential consumers they wish to reach, as Red Bull is guaranteed to be part of their year, every year. Plus the audience often scales in size annually. Flugtag and Red Bull Soap Box race are now yearly highlights for many consumers, reaching in-person audiences of hundreds of thousand of people in many cities. In Brazil over one million people turned up for the Red Bull Air Race. From the list below you can see sponsorship of some events such as Flugtag reaching back all the way to 1991, but the vast majority of the events they’ve created over the years are still ongoing, year after year. Depth and breadth. Another key differentiator with Red Bull is the incredible effort they have gone to in order to â€Å"own† action sports and become embedded in youth culture across the board. They have quite literally gone after every action sport you can think of, and in a number of cases essentially created their own sports. They’ve since started attacking music and art with the same vigour. Where most brands are happy to tack on their logo to a handful of events in a year and call it a sponsorship strategy, Red Bull is literally ubiquitous. In many cases they are absolutely essential to the vitality of the sports they sponsor. Use creativity to reinforce the brand and create cut-through Looking down the list, another thing becomes immediately clear — all of the events sound awesome. â€Å"Last Man Standing†. â€Å"Down and Dirty†. â€Å"Exodus†. â€Å"Chopper Assault†. â€Å"City Rage†. â€Å"Heavy Metal†. Red Bull have used crazy sounding and subversive names to build excitement around events before you’ve even heard of them to and to indelibly stamp them as â€Å"Red Bull†. Additionally, Red Bull seek out and create a sense of drama and the spectacular with each event to rival anything Evel Knieval could’ve ever imagined. Downhill bike racing through Rio’s most notorious barrios? Wakeboarding in the dark in a flooded mine? Motocross duelling in bullrings? Roller derby on ice skates? Red Bull has made it their mission to bring barely imaginable experiences into existence, and give them all the spectacle and pomp of a â€Å"real† sport. And then to do it again, year after year. Create shareable content and earn your media How can Red Bull possibly afford all this? Well, they do the opposite thing most brands do. Most brands spend a tiny bit on content, and then 10x as much on media to try and spread that content as far as possible, because people aren’t really that interested in what they are saying so they have to get it in front of eyeballs by force. Which of course then diminishes the value of reaching those people, given they would rather you weren’t. Red Bull was doing earned media before it was a buzzword. They invest in unique, compelling experiences, and in the creation of content from those experiences. They get a significant amount of very deep and powerful brand interaction at the actual experiences themselves, both from participants and spectators. And then through a combination of PR, word of mouth, and pull media channels they get an absolute ton of exposure of their content. And through platforms like their popular Facebook page, content-rich website, Red Bulletin, and a legion of popular microsites and brand communities like FMXWorld, Red Bull can legitimately claim to be a media brand in its own right at a time when most brands are still talking about the idea. The reason Red Bull is so exciting as a brand and a case study to so many is they’ve flipped the traditional advertising model on it’s head. They invest most of their budget in experiences, content and media assets, and allocate comparably little to actual media itself. They trust if they build cool things, people will seek it out and talk about it, and they are right. From a Brandweek article from 2001: In the antithesis of any major’s marketing plan, Red Bull buys traditional advertising last. Only when a market is deemed mature does the company begin a media push. The idea is to reinforce, not introduce, the brand. â€Å"Media is not a tool that we use to establish the market,† said vp-marketing David Rohdy. â€Å"It is a critical part. It’s just later in the development. † The brand spent $100 million in the U. S. last year, according to the company Measured media spending was only $18. 9 million last year, up from $9 million in 1999, per Competitive Media Reporting. In a way their model is to first build targeted, ubiquitous relevance rather than broad mass awareness. They don’t blast out, they focus deep and then bubble up. And the latter approach gives them a much stronger and longer-lasting foundation for their activity, and costs them less. Paid media fits into the mix later to solidify the position, but it’s an enhancer rather than the foundation. Mix global platforms and local activation Red Bull is looking for the ultimate blend of local relevance and cost-effective impact. So they have a chaotic but effective mix of global platforms such as Flugtag and Air Race and tens of locally focused events. Many events start out locally and then get rolled out across regions as the template is perfected. Living and creating with your audiences I think I got this insight out of one of the many great Mobile Youth presentations on Red Bull. Basically the point is everything Red Bull do is about creating and living with their audience, rather than messaging at them. What else? I think you can probably tell from this post and the preceding list that I’m a massive fan of Red Bull’s strategy. It’s unique, it’s effective, and it has a lot to say about where the next generation of marketing is heading. Would love to hear what other lessons you’ve taken from Red Bull’s approach, and what other brands you think are doing this right.

Leader Profiling – Leadership – Golda Meir

Golda Meir’s Determination, loyalty, integrity and conscientiousness were major leadership traits that will always be respected in the Jewish community. She was described as the â€Å"Iron Lady† of  Israeli politics  years before the term became associated with British prime minister  Margaret Thatcher. Former prime minister  David Ben-Gurion  used to call Meir â€Å"the best man in the government†; * Determination: the desire to get the job done (Northouse, p. 25) Golda Meir was determined to overachieve and protect Israel’s interests throughout her life, even throughout her childhood she organized a fund raisers to pay for her classmates’ books.Another display of determination was entering politics, a male dominated field, and being praised by her subordinates for her decisions. She was determined to lead a change and always sought after leadership positions. â€Å"Although she was born in Russia and educated in the United States, where she trained as a teacher, she arrived in Palestine when she was in her twenties and lived on a kibbutz. She immediately became active in the newly-formed Histadrut trade union movement† (Butt, 1998) * Loyalty – Golda Meir’s loyalty to Israel cannot be questioned.With her family fleeing Russia where she was born in 1898, to begin a new life in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. There she developed a passionate commitment to form a Jewish state. She worked tirelessly by raising money and used her gifts of charm and oratory to promote the cause of an independent Jewish state. * Integrity – the quality of honesty and trustworthiness. (Northouse, p. 25) Golda Meir saw integrity as the currency of Israel’s survival (Burkett, 2008). The way Golda spoke with her followers and involved them in decision making built a high level of trust and honesty within the Israeli government.Meir led by example; she practiced the same morals and beliefs that she preached. * Conscient iousness – the tendency to be thorough, organized, controlled, dependable, and decisive (Northouse, p. 27). Golda Meir’s conscientiousness was shown during her academic career, where she graduated as valedictorian. Moreover she has shown her control, dependability, and hard work On May 10, 1948, four days before the official establishment of the state, Meir traveled to  Amman  disguised as an Arab woman for a secret meeting with  King of  Transjordan  at which she urged him not to join the other Arab countries in attacking the Jews.Golda Meir had many of the traits associated with a transformational leader, such as idealized influence, charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Golda Meir led by the rule of dedication to her country and her personal concern for all people are legendary. Whatever Golda Meir did, she did for the people, always listened to her followers and wasn’t intolerant of opposing views, she considered all options and whenever she had to make a decision she consulted with her team.Since Israel was established to be a Jewish state, she worked to improve the lives of her people; she created a vision for the young state to ensure that Jews across the world learned of her vision and take the necessary steps to achieve it. Meir was the leader Israel needed in a time of crisis, she was charismatic with exceptional rhetoric skills, and both attributes are crucial to political leaders. â€Å"†¦transformational leadership results in people feeling better about themselves and their contributions to the greater common goal† (Northouse, p. 00) Indeed Jews across the world migrated to Israel in hopes of living in Golda Meir’s overall vision of the state of Israel. Golda Meir’s ability to lead the people to their common goal while keeping a unified nation, not becoming power hungry, and always keeping what’s best for the country first, are the main goals and achievements of an ideal transformational leader.SOURCES http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/events/israel_at_50/profiles/81288. stm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Golda_Meir Golda Meir: The Iron Lady of the Middle East: The First Woman Prime Minister in the West, Eleanor Burkett, Gibson Square Books Ltd; (2008)

Diamond Necklace

â€Å"Maupassant uses the symbol of the necklace to represent various stations in Victorian society. However, this theme may be lost to readers that are not versed in Victorian culture. In the story, the necklace is more than an object of desire. It symbolizes something that is out of reach for the heroine of the story. It is used to explain the pitfalls of what can happen when desire overrides all other elements of one's life. However, the necklace also has another meaning that is often overlooked. â€Å"One will recall that there are two necklaces in the story.The first one is the more expensive one. It represents the true upper class of society, those that can truly afford to possess such an object. Madame Forestier feels comfortable allowing Madame Loisel to borrow the necklace. She is not afraid to let go of it. This suggests that her life savings are not tied up in it. She does not guard it so carefully that she is unwilling to let it out of her sight. She is comfortable taki ng a small risk with it. â€Å"However, Madame Forestier is less than amicable when the necklace is returned a week late.This indicates that although, she was not devastated by the loss of the necklace, it still held a considerable value to her. Her reactions indicate that it was still an uncomfortable loss and held some value in her life. To the wealthy, class of Victorian France, their finery was s symbol of not only their wealth, but their power in society as well. This necklace was important to Madame Forestier as a symbol of her station in French society. We do not know how many pieces such as this that she owned, but this may have been an important piece to her. â€Å"

Discovering the Identity behind History: Days of Awe Essay

Dealing with the past opens many opportunities in unveiling the mysteries that life is continuously giving us. By looking at the details where we can see the picture not only in a two dimensional perspective, but to all the sides that we can, a broader explanation and exploration can be made. This is an important part of humans’ experiences because it gives way for them to reveal the roots and explain the things that serve as a puzzle to them. Puzzle that gives question that many people think will never be answered. But, through the persistence of different forces, a new way of enlightening the path towards the truth will be open for them to be set free. As the story in Days of Awe written by Archy Obejas, dealing with the protagonist’s main conflict can be associated in our daily lives. We can see how she was able to find the real meanings behind her doubts and questions and how she was able to find the answers in her own queries. By putting into the consideration all the factors that she think might affect her perception in the things she know, she should be the one to first understand the things her own conflict with her own beliefs had made. This story teaches us a great lesson in life that can be applied in our daily interaction with different kind of people as we continue our own odyssey towards life’s great journey. This lesson is not new to us, but in fact, can be found even in the smallest things that we are doing but we are too distracted by our own personal attachments to certain things that forbid us to open up our selves in many opportunities that life is offering us. This lesson is in great value especially in dealing with the things that we know is too valuable for us to lose. By giving this importance, we will be successfully forge a deal that will benefit a greater part of humanity. This lesson is acceptance. Accepting the things that we know are real and existent although sometimes, it comes with a great deal of pain and suffering. Even though how much we suffer and realize that there are many hindrances in the world that make things more difficult and harder for us, we should not let it control our direction and lead us to another way, than listening to what our future discoveries can be. This is a challenge that had been made by various problems that hones our personality and our life’s point of view. By accepting that these things are part of the life of human society, we will be able to understand more the things that we don’t understand before. And in effect, will cost us a greater price that no one before had managed to do so. Brief Summary: Born in the New Year’s Day, year 1951, a girl named Alejandra San Jose was born in Havana where there are conflicts that had been arising due to the opposing powers and beliefs of the higher people in the place. And because of this, her parents decided to escape from the danger they foresee that will be brought by these opposing parties. Making this decision is not easy for her parents because they will not only leave their house but also their heritage that they treasured in many years. Their go to the shores of North America but later joined the group of Cuban Refugees in Chicago. This settlement gave them another opportunity for them to live their life as normal. Although she had knowledge in her home place in her childhood, she got distracted due to her youthful days but later on brought back her passion and curiosity in the said culture. In her teen age, where she learned different things through her father who was a linguist himself, she later on developed her skills in that field. As a translator, she had given an opportunity to go back to her homeland where she worked with her mage as an American and highly different from the natives living there. She had the notion that she does not belong there because of she think that she is really an American. Later on, she discovered that her ancestors were Jews and not as Catholics, as she always believed. Because of that, she learned different things in life. The essence of being a Catholic and Jews, the definition of difference between religion, the culture and beliefs and how it affects ones perspective in looking at life, these factors taught her the essence of life and its mysteries, as it gives people the chance to understand it, and the people have all the prerogative which lessons they want to pick. Historical Background: Jews, as defined by most scholars, are people who associate themselves as having a trace of their ancestry to the ancient Hebrews or people who converted themselves on the religion of Jews, which is Judaism. Talking about it, Judaism is one of the oldest religion in the world, and also, the mother religion of the world’s largest and most powerful religions, Islam and Christianity. It is a religion believed to be founded way back to history. Traditionally, one can be a Jew in two primary reasons. First, if her mother is a Jew and second, if he or she voluntarily converted him or herself to Judaism. If he or she satisfied any of the condition, he or she can freely call him or herself as a Jew. (Spector, 11-13) It is said that before, Jews are the people being said by the old scriptures and claims had been made that it is their contribution to the foundation of civilization. They are the first one who devised different rules that will govern not only their church but also their societies as well. In dealing with this, they had opened the opportunity to integrate the core values of their beliefs to the way of life of the people. By doing so, they had the utmost control to the flow of the society where people view them as sacred and too holy to be disregarded. In doing such, people had become connected with it at the same time, makes things possible for the religion to conquer their own beliefs and perceptions to their experiences. But, as the time passed by and many religions had made their way in being recognized by the people, and they become more and more established, Jews began to weaken its impact to the world. They became the minority group in almost all places where they fist began to explore and share their faith. And history had proven that some times, there are conflicts and bloody wars because of the Jews persistence to value their faith and their beliefs as their own heritage and the identity of their own cultural inclination. (Akiva & Gottlieb, 23-41) History marked the times when they are almost extinguished by people who want to eliminate their beliefs in the world. Some of these steps had ended the lives of millions of Jews all over the world. That is why, the number of Jews all over the world started to fall in number because of the many attempts to persecute them. Jews contribution to the human civilization is their rich culture and their beliefs in many aspects of life. They had developed certain guidelines that made them advanced compared to the other people living in the world. In having so, many people had misinterpreted their values in their beliefs making pre-judgment that affected their interactions with them. Many people had developed stereotypes and discriminated them in many ways that had affect their personal understanding to what is happening to his or her environment. This tragic interaction with the Jews and many other member of society became a social phenomenon, where the Jews are now living not only on their own standards but also, to the definition of the people watching their moves. Because of their drive to promote the teachings of their own beliefs and the way of life they want people to do so, they kept their traditional ways of life and adapt to their environment as the world is dynamically changing with regards to the modern things and elements that somehow interfere with their way of life. This is a condition where they had different outlook in life, as they give another meaning to the details of their actions and the people’s defined action to them. In looking this matter at a higher level of thinking, we can see that the social system which discriminated the people in their own personal environment spaces, had became a venue where they experience problems and conflicts, that should be a part of their pre-understanding of the world. (Barnavi, 18-21)

Explain the concept of globalization. Critically discuss the main Essay

Explain the concept of globalization. Critically discuss the main features of globalization - Essay Example Globalisation is also a product of investment and cultural exchange between nations. Although globalisation possesses many economic, social and political benefits it has negative impacts on most global economies as well as the environment e.g. pollution and tampers with the sovereignty of various nations. Globalisation can be divided into five categories; internationalisation, universalisation, modernalisation, liberalisation and respatialisation (Ferendinos, 2009:4; Clayton, 2004: 274-294). Internationalisation portrays globalisation as an aspect of cross-border relationships while liberalisation discusses the aspect of creating open world economy by elimination of interstate movement restrictions among countries. Universalisation views globalisation as a process of distributing a wide range of knowledge and products all over the world. International business aspects such as capitalism and industrialism determine the modernisation aspect of globalisation (Egan, 2005: 559–64). Globalisation increases global economic interdependence. This involves the rise in the sensitivity of individuals and companies on the changes taking place around the global business circle and the measures necessary for curbing possible challenges emanating from such changes. Global dependence can be unilateral i.e. a country depending on the global economy, or bilateral i.e. a country benefitting from the global economy and the global economy benefitting from that country, in return. The free movement of goods created by the globalisation process provides multi-national corporations with an opportunity to establish a global competitive advantage. Globalisation is caused by various factors. The prominent cause of globalisation is the enhancement in technology which most multinational corporations have adopted in a bid to improve production. Technological progression has led to reduced cost of transport as well as communication. The availability of cheap, rapid and reliable communi cation channels is the key to integration of the international capital markets. This nurtures the growth of multinational corporations as they exploit intellectual property efficient in various locations from a central point. The change in lifestyle has also led to increasing demand that makes most enterprises establish branches in other locations. The dimensions of globalisation include economic, political, psychological, sociological, anthropological, geographical and communications. The economic perspective of globalisation focuses on economic drivers such as trade, money, banking, corporations and capital. Economic dimension posits that globalisation has taken the form of an increase in trade liberalisation, expansion of world markets and the increase in the international mobility of capital. This has made many countries to come together under supranational trade unions such as the European Union as well as the formation of multinational institutions such as the World Trade Orga nisation (Ingham, 2004). Economic globalisation has also enabled firms gain the ability to locate their production facilities everywhere in the world. Most of these multinational firms take advantage of globalisation to target less developed countries that provide cheap labour which, in turn, reduces operational costs. Economic globalisation enables multinational corporations to establish their business close to the sources of raw materials, capital, technology and other business components; thus improving

Operations Decision - Determine the market structure in which the Term Paper

Operations Decision - Determine the market structure in which the low-calorie food company operates - Term Paper Example More so, the Company intends to sell its products at a fair market, targeting individuals from all socio-economic background. The Company is different from its competitors because it sells low calorie foods that are very tasty and look good. More so, most individuals focus on healthy foods, this in return makes the Company outshine its competitors who sell high calorie foods. The Company has planned to expand its clientele by opening up other branches in nations such as United States, France and Spain in the next 3 to 4 years. Most individuals in the United Kingdom are concerned about their health, thus prefer low calorie food. Therefore the Company has an added advantage over its main competitors who mainly sell high calorie food such as Mac fries and KFC. The product is consumed by individuals from all socio- cultural background, and most buyers range from ages 20 and 55. In addition, women are the ones who mostly purchase the products, thus the Company highly concentrate on the female population (The Times 100, 2014). These are external and internal factors that may affect the marketing opportunities of the Company. SWOT analysis identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which are essential in determining actions or aspects that are necessary for the marketing plan. The Company strives to make simple and good food in a more sustainable way and at the same time meet its business goals. In order to achieve the above stated aspect, the Company ensures that it is able to balance the four major elements of the marketing mix. A service or a product will incorporate a distinct marketing mix. More so, the right mix will result to the achievement of the stated goal, which may bring about customer satisfaction. Marketing mix constitutes of four P’s, which include; price, product, promotion and place. In this case, the Company’s product ought to taste and look good

Discussion 1-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 1-2 - Essay Example Other commonly used MS Office applications include the Power Point for presentations, Access for managing database, and Publisher for publishing various documents or designs. There are many advantages of MS Office Applications. One of the advantages of MS Office is that it has all the components that may be required for use within a classical office. Other than having vast number of features, MS Office has no corrupt files in addition to the fact that the auto recovery function can be used in making sure that any document is not lost to its entirety (Habraken 10). Even though MS Office has various advantages, there are some demerits or drawbacks associated with the same. For instance, MS Office has compatibility problems. There are versions that are not compatible with some operating systems. The above table was derived from excel. The Excel was used to find out the total number of eggs for breakfast depending on the number of members of the family present in a given day. Each family member needs to consume 2 eggs for breakfast. Therefore, a function was developed to find out the total number of eggs that would be required as the number family members change. The formula was to multiply the number of family members and the eggs per member.

Discuss the problems that a ship manager faces with various Essay - 1

Discuss the problems that a ship manager faces with various legislations on bunker fuels for a handymax bulk carrier that trades between North Europe and the - Essay Example veral changes in ship dimensions, cargoes carried, and general market trends during the past 25 years as a response to rapid growth of world trade and the shift in maritime markets. At the same time, there have been remarable amendments in regulations of maritime safety especially in transport of bunker fuels in bulk carrier and handymax segement. Hence, the ship manager of Handymax bulk carrier that carries bunker fuels and travels from USA to North Europe faces major problem as there is a difference between maritime regulations of USA and Europe. He has to address the technical problems due to change in legislations and he has to apply management principles for dealing these problems efficiently while manageing the bunker fuels in handymax bulk carriers between North Europe and USA. The ship manager has little flexibility in expansion due to changes maritime regulations regarding the management of bunker fuels are concerned. These regulations are made by international organizations like the International Maritime Organization and the European Union or by individual countries. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is mainly responsible for the implementation of maritime safety matters internationally which regulates the activities relating to safety at sea, pollution prevention (MARPOL), security (ISPS Code), standards of construction of offshore installations and matters relating to the non-economic issues of maritime transportation of bunker fuels. However, he faces more problems due to different regulations adopted in USA and Europe. For example, Environment Protection (Ships Ballast Water) Regulations 2006 restricts the ship manager’s choices while managing the bunker fuels in handymax bulk carriers entering Europe (EPA Victoria, 2007). This l egislation introduced by the Victorian Government speicifies ballast water reporting requirements for owners and masters of ships with capacity to carry ballast water. It also declares offences for

Health Promotion at Tackling Coronary Health Disease Essay - 1

Health Promotion at Tackling Coronary Health Disease - Essay Example The study findings thus reveal that to reduce the risk of CHD, it is essential for the women to lead a healthy lifestyle with proper diet and involve in various physical activities. It is usually found that the South Asian women in the UK are less exposed to physical activities due to various socio-cultural barriers, and most of them are unaware of CHD and its consequences along with the preventive measures. The governments of UK are implementing effective policies and strategies to reduce CHD among the South Asian women. However, more cooperation is required from the government and the healthcare authorities in creating awareness among these sections of the country. Â  Conclusion: The literature review helped to conclude that the UK Government has been, to a great extent, successful in implementing effective health promotion techniques to prevent CHD among South Asian women in the UK. Through the health promotion techniques, the government has been creating awareness, educating the South Asian women regarding the health hazards of CHD and trying to reduce the risk factors associated with the identified issue. The government is also promoting various physical activities and a healthy diet among South Asian women that would reduce the risk of CHD among this population in the UK. The data further revealed that there has been a successful response to the health preventive techniques and measures in tackling CHD in the UK. Moreover, the cultural-based initiatives employed by the government and other organizations have to a larger extent been more effective than the educational programmes. Â  

Management, People and Organisations - Managing the United Kingdom Essay

Management, People and Organisations - Managing the United Kingdom National Health Service - Essay Example The management of NHS has been faced with challenges from the government, public and within its own organization. The government and public requires the organization to deliver more and build trust however provisional support not sufficient. The essay analyzes symptoms in order to recognize problems and provide alternatives solutions. It deliberates the organizational issues underlying these difficulties and suggests vicissitudes believed conducive to making a high performance organization. In addition, it explores NHS organizational administration methods, structure and culture morals from a conjectural background (MARTIN, 2005). It summarizes the prominence of managing these issues communally in an unstable atmosphere to accomplish goals. It discloses internal and external factors that encourage change in organizations. The problems faced by United Kingdom National Health Service are not unique to any organization offering service. Management requires designing and maintaining an atmosphere that individuals, working as teams, efficiently achieve selected goals. The key objective of management is to ensure things are done by the people, through generating a suitable setting in which they can attain organizational goals. The case study reveals that many clinicians have indulged in managerial duties besides their existing role, in an attempt to bring a difference. This engrossment in management can be time overwhelming and actually clashes with their professional roles. It is understandable that many of the indications which the case study proves can be directly linked to conflict of roles or better say conflict of interest. This proves lack of professionalism since each player in an organization should adhere to their duties and do them to their best. Organization should define each role of players and governing principles to ensure quality. It is evident that role issue is a major management problem for the NHS. In any specified role, there

Term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Term Paper Example During the nation’s early years, this electoral process was effective under a Federalist government, however the need to revise the electoral process with regards to the instatement of the members of the Senate was borne out of the need to further expand democracy, eliminate corruption tied to the election of Senators, and to remove external control over the creation of state legislatures (Neale 3). Also, relying mostly on the votes of the state legislatures caused election deadlocks which prevented the appointment of Senators and subsequently, unfilled senate vacancies for considerable periods at a time (4). This created additional problems with regards to the creation of new laws since the Senate members have longer terms of service than the members of the House of Representatives. Thus, after 124 years of relying on state legislatives on electing Senate members or waiting for the governors to appointment a replacement should a senator leave office, the Seventeenth Amendment was finally ratified on April 8, 1913 which allowed the election of Senators through popular voting (6). ... James Madison is one of the strong proponents on the upkeep of the constitution as well as in preventing most of its amendments, especially since he believes that there is great difficulty in the process of men governing over other men (70). There must be an overall control to all members of the government in order to prevent the human inclination of following actions or decisions that came about due to vested interests, as well as to prevent the over-reliance on religion and virtue which are both subjective in nature. Also, Madison believes that a continuous process of amending the constitution would not only create problems such as the inability of most people to follow laws and regulations properly due to the inaccuracies that can be encountered after several changes were made in the original laws, thus rendering the laws much more ineffective (71). In addition, it is expected that the constitution was already a functional one since it was created by a wide variety of people, in s uch a way that there is a less probability that a majority of the people would be making motives that undermine the rights of the common people (73). Thus, if the constitution was made out of the various ideas and input by different individuals, it essentially governs all members of the nation, using the principles of justice and of the common good as applicable to all walks of life. In addition to the need to retain the constitution as close to the original as possible, the Founding Fathers aimed to prevent the rise of aristocracy through the ruling of only a few people and the establishment of true democracy by allowing more people to participate in the process of governance. This may